Repro

Question 1

What factors can increase anatomic dead space?

Answer 1

increasing body size
increasing age
increasing lung volume
sat posture
hypoxia (bronchoconstriction)
Lung disease (emphysema)
Endotracheal intubation

Question 2

What is physiologic dead space and what can it be increased by?

Answer 2

sum of anatomic dead space and alveolar dead space

increasing age
decreased pulmonary artery pressure
IPPV
Increasing tidal volume
Hyperoxic vasodilation 
Anesthetic gases 
Lung diseases (ALI/ARDS, PTE, atelectasis)

Question 3

What is perfusion limited gas? what is diffusion limited?

Answer 3

Diffusion limited- CO
Persfusion limited- NO

O2 and CO2 are perfusion limited under normal circumstances, but diffusion limitation can occur under some conditions- intense exercise, thickening of blood-gas barrier, and alveolar hypoxia.

Question 4

Normal A-A Gradient

Answer 4

<15 mmHg

Question 5

Swann JVECC 2016 Prevalence and risk factors for development of hemorrhagic GI disease in veterinary ICUs in UK

Rate of HE in dogs and cats?
Risk factors?
Associations with mortality?

Answer 5

2-10% depending on ICU in dogs; none in cats

Albumin, administration of GI protectants and institution were significantly associated w/ development

Development of hemorrhagic GI dz and placement of feeding tube significantly associated with mortality.

Question 6

What anti-emetic can be used in pregnant dogs

Answer 6

reglan

Question 7

Does brucellosis cause early or late abortions

Answer 7

Late

Question 8

What problems does canine herpesvirus cause in ear/mid/and late pregnancy?

Answer 8

Early - fetal death and mummification
mid- abortion
Late- Premature birth

May be born healthy but become ill and die w/in first several weeks

Question 9

What virus is associated with cerebellar hypoplasia in cats?

Answer 9

feline panleukapenia

Question 10

What is ferguson reflex

Answer 10

Delivery of puppy into cervix triggers release of oxytocin from hypothalamus

Question 11

What type of placentation do dogs and cats have

Answer 11

endotheliochorial

Question 12

What is distribution of placenta in dogs and cats?

Answer 12

zonary

Question 13

What is an example of a progesterone receptor antagonist and what is it used for ?

Answer 13

Aglepristone

Convert a closed-pyo to an open.

Question 14

What are 3 medical management options for pro

Answer 14

Progesterone receptor antagonists
Prostaglandin F2a
Dopamine agonists. (cause luteolysis by reducing prolactin concentrations)

Question 15

What is the recurrence rate for medically managed pyometra?

Answer 15

20-77% within 1-2 years

slightly lower in queens- 3/21

Question 16

What is “neonatal period”

Answer 16

2 weeks of life

Question 17

at what age should babies have normal adult temperature

Answer 17

4 weeks

Question 18

how long do typical innocent murmurs last

Answer 18

12 weeks

Question 19

What heart rate is normal in young animals and up to what age

Answer 19

200-250 bpm for puppies and kittens until 4 weeks

Question 20

When is the Hct nadir?

Answer 20

4 weeks

Question 21

What adjustment should be made when radiographing neonates?

Answer 21

Drop KVP by 50% of adult level

Use detailed film/screens

Question 22

List 6 reasons why neonates have a higher fluid requriement

Answer 22

Higher percentage of total body water
Higher ratio of surface area to body weight
Higher metabolic rate
More permeable skin
Decreased renal concentrating ability 
Less body fat

Question 23

When does urinary glucose absorption normalize in puppies?

Answer 23

3 weeks

Question 24

What is goal weight gain for pupppies and kittens

Answer 24

Puppies should double their weight within 10 days of birth, and gain 5-10% of their body weight per day

Nursing kittens should also double weight within first 10 days and normal kittens gain 10-15 g/day .

Question 25

When does MAP normalize in puppies?

Answer 25

9 months

Question 26

Is CVP higher or lower in puppies than in dogs at 1 month and when does it normalize?

Answer 26

higher in puppies (8 cm H2o) , normalizes at 9 months.

Question 27

When do puppies gain the ability to concentrate their urine?

Answer 27

10 weeks

Question 28

Why and for how long should oral drugs be administered in neonates

Answer 28

First 72 hours of life- because absorption is significantly HIGHER due to increased GI permeability.

Question 29

Garcia-Silva 2015 JVECC influence of obstetrical condition on canine neonatal pulmonary functional competence

Was delivery method (normal, dystocia, C-section) significant in regards to respiratory parameters?

What is L/S ratio and how was that significant in this study?

Answer 29

Respiratory effort of normal delivery group improved immediately after birth whereas dystocia and c-sect groups only improved 1 hour following birth.

L/S ratio - ratio of main phospholipids in surfactant (lecithin and sphingomyelin). Higher L/S ratios indicate more mature fetal lungs (i.e., ample surfactant).

In this study, c- section group had lower L/S ratio.

Question 30

Liao 2014 JVECC Decreased postoperative CRP production in dogs with pyometra through use of low-dose ketamine.

Answer 30

Low-dose ketamine group receiving ketamine pre-op, intraop- and 24 hours post-op had significantly lower serum c-reactive protein.

Ketamine has been shown in animal models of sepsis to depress production of TNFa and IL-6.

Question 31

When should the first puppy be born after the onset of stage 2 labor?

Answer 31

The first puppy is usually born within 4 h of the onset of stage two labor, and subsequent births occur every 15 min to 2 h

Question 32

How successful is medical management in queens vs. medical management in bitches?

Answer 32

In the queen, medical management of dystocia appears less successful, with less than one- third of the queens responding to medical treatment alone