REPRO Flashcards
what are the 3 layers of the ectoderm
surface ectoderm, neuroectoderm, neural crest
describe surface ectoderm
adenohypohysis (from rathkes pouch), lens of the eye, lining of oral cavity, sensory oran of ear, olfactory epithelium, epidermis, anal canal below pectinate line, parotid, sweat, mammary glands
describe neuroectoderm
CNS, BRAIN!, retina, optic nerve, spinal cord
describe neural crest
PNS and non-neural structures nearby
describe mesoderm
muscle, bone, connective tissue, lining of body cavities etc etc. notochord induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm.
Describe mesodermal defects
VACTERL: Vertebral defects, Anal atresia, Cardiac defects, Tracheo-Esophogeal fistula, Renal defects, Limb defects
Describe Endoderm
gut tube epithelium, most of urethra, lungs, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, esutachian tube, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells.
draw out pharyngeal arches chart
Remember: Make Some Important SHtuff!!
name the branchial pouch derivatives
“EAR, TONSILS, BOTTOM To TOP”
1: ear
2: tonsils
3: bottom for inferior parathyroid
3: to= thymus
4: top= superior parathyroid
Digeorge syndrome, defect of which branchial pouches?
3,4: T cell deficiency and hypocalcemia
Cleft lip
failure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes (formation of primary palate)
cleft palate
failure of fusion of the two lateral palatine processes or failure of fusion of lateral palatine processes with nasal septum and/or median palatine process (formation os secondary palate)
describe paramesonephric duct (mullerian duct)
develops into female internal structures- fallopian tubes, uterus, upper portion of vagina.
describe mesonephric duct (wolfian duct)
develops into male internal structures except prostate- - “SEED” Seminal vesicles, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, Ductus deferens.
describe pathway of sperm during ejaculation
SEVEN UP: seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, nothing, urethra, penis
describe menstration blood hormone levels
increase Estrogen–> LH surge–> ovulation –> progesterone (from corpus luteum) –>progesterone falls–> menstration.
origin of hCG?
syncytiotrophoblast of placenta
name androgens and rank in terms of potency
testosterone, DHT, androstenedione. potency: DHT>testosterone> androstenedione. T is converted to DHT via 5alpha reductase.
klinefelter syndrome
(male)(XXY) testicular atrophy, ennuchoid body shape, tall, long extremities, gynecomastia, female hair distribution. Presence of inactivated X chromosome (barr body). abnormal leydig cell fxn leads to decrease T leads to increase LH –> increase estrogen.
Turner syndrome
(female)(XO): short stature, ovarian dysgenesis, shield chest, bicuspid aortic valve, preductal coarction, horshoe kidney. no barr body and primary cause of amenorrhea. “Hugs and kisses” XO from Tina Turner.
name the most common tumor in females
leiomyoma (fibroid). often presents as multiple discrete tumors. blacks. svere bleeding may lead to iron deficiency anemia. whorled patterh of smooth muscle bundles with well demarcated borders.
Causes of erectile dysfunction
- Psychogenic stressors
- performance (anxiety or depression)
- medications (SSRI’s, sympathetic blockers)
- Vascular or neuro impairment
- GI trauma (prostatectomy)
Turner Syndrome
(X,O)
High arch palate, coarction aorta, broad chest with wide spaced nipples, horshoe kidney, streak ovaries, short stature.
Klinefelter syndrome
(XXY) testicular atrophy, tall, long extremities, gynecomastia, female hair distribution. Inactive X chromosome (Barr body). Dysgenesis of seminiferous tubules –> decrease inhibit–> increase FSH
Abnormal leydig cell fuction–> decrease T–> increase LH–> increase E
