REPRO

Question 1

what are the 3 layers of the ectoderm

Answer 1

surface ectoderm, neuroectoderm, neural crest

Question 2

describe surface ectoderm

Answer 2

adenohypohysis (from rathkes pouch), lens of the eye, lining of oral cavity, sensory oran of ear, olfactory epithelium, epidermis, anal canal below pectinate line, parotid, sweat, mammary glands

Question 3

describe neuroectoderm

Answer 3

CNS, BRAIN!, retina, optic nerve, spinal cord

Question 4

describe neural crest

Answer 4

PNS and non-neural structures nearby

Question 5

describe mesoderm

Answer 5

muscle, bone, connective tissue, lining of body cavities etc etc. notochord induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm.

Question 6

Describe mesodermal defects

Answer 6

VACTERL: Vertebral defects, Anal atresia, Cardiac defects, Tracheo-Esophogeal fistula, Renal defects, Limb defects

Question 7

Describe Endoderm

Answer 7

gut tube epithelium, most of urethra, lungs, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, esutachian tube, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells.

Question 8

draw out pharyngeal arches chart

Answer 8

Remember: Make Some Important SHtuff!!

Question 9

name the branchial pouch derivatives

Answer 9

“EAR, TONSILS, BOTTOM To TOP”

1: ear
2: tonsils
3: bottom for inferior parathyroid
3: to= thymus
4: top= superior parathyroid

Question 10

Digeorge syndrome, defect of which branchial pouches?

Answer 10

3,4: T cell deficiency and hypocalcemia

Question 11

Cleft lip

Answer 11

failure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes (formation of primary palate)

Question 12

cleft palate

Answer 12

failure of fusion of the two lateral palatine processes or failure of fusion of lateral palatine processes with nasal septum and/or median palatine process (formation os secondary palate)

Question 13

describe paramesonephric duct (mullerian duct)

Answer 13

develops into female internal structures- fallopian tubes, uterus, upper portion of vagina.

Question 14

describe mesonephric duct (wolfian duct)

Answer 14

develops into male internal structures except prostate- - “SEED” Seminal vesicles, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, Ductus deferens.

Question 15

describe pathway of sperm during ejaculation

Answer 15

SEVEN UP: seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, nothing, urethra, penis

Question 16

describe menstration blood hormone levels

Answer 16

increase Estrogen–> LH surge–> ovulation –> progesterone (from corpus luteum) –>progesterone falls–> menstration.

Question 17

origin of hCG?

Answer 17

syncytiotrophoblast of placenta

Question 18

name androgens and rank in terms of potency

Answer 18

testosterone, DHT, androstenedione. potency: DHT>testosterone> androstenedione. T is converted to DHT via 5alpha reductase.

Question 19

klinefelter syndrome

Answer 19

(male)(XXY) testicular atrophy, ennuchoid body shape, tall, long extremities, gynecomastia, female hair distribution. Presence of inactivated X chromosome (barr body). abnormal leydig cell fxn leads to decrease T leads to increase LH –> increase estrogen.

Question 20

Turner syndrome

Answer 20

(female)(XO): short stature, ovarian dysgenesis, shield chest, bicuspid aortic valve, preductal coarction, horshoe kidney. no barr body and primary cause of amenorrhea. “Hugs and kisses” XO from Tina Turner.

Question 21

name the most common tumor in females

Answer 21

leiomyoma (fibroid). often presents as multiple discrete tumors. blacks. svere bleeding may lead to iron deficiency anemia. whorled patterh of smooth muscle bundles with well demarcated borders.

Question 22

Causes of erectile dysfunction

Answer 22

• Psychogenic stressors
• performance (anxiety or depression)
• medications (SSRI’s, sympathetic blockers)
• Vascular or neuro impairment
• GI trauma (prostatectomy)

Question 23

Turner Syndrome

Answer 23

(X,O)

High arch palate, coarction aorta, broad chest with wide spaced nipples, horshoe kidney, streak ovaries, short stature.

Question 24

Klinefelter syndrome

Answer 24

(XXY) testicular atrophy, tall, long extremities, gynecomastia, female hair distribution. Inactive X chromosome (Barr body). Dysgenesis of seminiferous tubules –> decrease inhibit–> increase FSH
Abnormal leydig cell fuction–> decrease T–> increase LH–> increase E