Neuro/pharm Flashcards
Norepinephrine: change in dz
A neurotransmitter that activates the sympathetic response to stress, increasing heart rate (HEART) , rate of respiration, and blood pressure in support of rapid action. Also known to excite the INTESTINES and UROGENITAL tract. Low amounts are linked to depression, manic behavior.
Norepinephrine inhibits the firing of neurons in the central nervous system, but it excites the HEART muscle, INTESTINES, and UROGENITAL tract. Stress stimulates the release of norepinephrine. This neurotransmitter also helps to control alertness. Too little norepinephrine is associated with depression, and too much triggers agitated, manic states. For example, amphetamines and cocaine cause hyperactive, manic states of behavior by rapidly increasing brain levels of norepinephrine.
Increase anxiety
Decrease depression
Dopamine: describe change in dz
Neurotransmitter that influences voluntary movement, attention, alertness; lack of dopamine linked with Parkinson’s disease; too much is linked with schizophrenia. Low levels are associated with Parkinson’s Disease where the physical movement is deteriorated. High levels are associated with Schizophrenia.Increase hodgkins dz
Decrease Parkinson’s
Decrease depression
5-HT (serotonin receptor)
A neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep,arousal,and mood. appears in lower than normal levels in depressed persons. Teams with acetylcholine and norepinephrine. Lowered levels of Serotonin area associated with depression. contributor to feelings of well-being and happiness
Increase Parkinson’s
Decrease anxiety
Decrease depression
Ach, describe change in dz
Neurotransmitter used to control activity, including movement, memory, attention, and dreaming. Usually stimulates the firing of neurons. Low levels are linked to Alzheimers Disease
Increase Parkinson’s
Decrease Alzheimer’s
Decrease Huntington dz
GABA, describe change in dz
Found in the central nervous system and keeps neurons from firing to help control signals being carried from one neuron to the next. 1/3 of the brains synapses. Low levels are linked to anxiety.
Reduces neural excitability
Decrease anxiety
Decrease Huntington dz
Describe Parkinson’s dz
Degenerative disorder of CNS associated with Lewy bodies and loss of dopaminergic neurons (de pigmentation) of substantial nigra.
TRAPS your body- Tremor, cogwheel Rigidity, Akinesia, Postural instability, Shuffling gait
Describe huntington dz
Autosomal dominant trinucleotide repeat disorder on chromosome 4. Age 20-50 with aggression, depression, dementia. Decrease levels of GABA and Ach in the brain.
Caudate loses Ach and GABA
Describe alpha 1 adrenergic receptor. G protein class? Major fxns
ActivAtion in smooth muscle a
Of blood vessels to leads to vasoconstriction of both arteries and veins leading to increase BP seen in sympathetic response (INCREASE VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE). INCREASE PUPILLARY DILATOR MUSCLE. INCREASE INTESTINAL AND B,ADDER SPHINCTER
Describe alpha 2 adrenergic receptor. G protein class, Major fxns
i. Decrease SMPATHETIC OUTFLOW (inhibit norepi). Decrease INSULIN RELEASE, LIPOLYSIS. increase PLATELET AGGREGATION.
Describe beta 1 adrenergic. G protein class, major fxns
s. Increase HR ( at the SA node. Chronotropic effects and leads to increased cardiac output), contractility, renin release, LIPOLYSIS
Describe beta 2 adrenergic. G protein class, major fxns
s. Vasodilation, bronchodilation
Describe -azole. Category. Example
Antimicrobial. Ergosterol synthesis inhibitor. I.e. Ketoconazole
-bendazole. Category. Example
-bendazole. Antimicrobial. Anti parasitic. I.e. Mebendazole
-cillin. Category. Example
Peptidoglycan inhibitor. Antimicrobial. I.e. Penicillin/ampicillin
-cycline. Describe. I.e.
Antimicrobial. Protein synthesis inhibitor. Tetracycline
-ivir. Describe. I.e.
Antimicrobial. Neuraminidase inhibitor. I.e. Oseltamivir
-navir. Describe. I.e.
Protease inhibitor i.e. Ritonavir
-ovir. Describe. I.e.
DNA polymerase inhibitor i.e. Acyclovir
-thromycin. Describe. I.e.
Antimicrobial. Macrolides antibiotic i.e. Azithromycin
Hindbrain
Division which includes the cerebellum, Pons, and medulla; responsible for INVOLUNTARY processes: blood pressure, body temperature, heart rate, breathing, sleep cycles.
Brainstem
The part of the brain that controls functions including HEART rate, BREATHING, and BODY TEMP; includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. Connects the spinal cord at its lower end and then extends upward to encase the reticular formation of the mid brain.
Midbrain
A small structure between the hindbrain and forebrain that relays information from the EYES, EARS, and SKIN and that controls certain types of automatic behavior. Nerve fiber systems ascend and descend to connect the higher and lower portions of the brain.
forebrain
The brain’s largest division and its most forward section. Top of the brain which includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex; responsible for EMOTIONAL REGULATION, COMPLEX THOUGHT, MEMORY ASPECT OF PERSONALITY.
limbic system
A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as FEAR and AGGRESSION and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. A loosely connected network of structures under the cerebral cortex.
