Repro

Question 1

when do males start producing spermatozoa

Answer 1

~4 weeks after conception

- prod. by sex organs

Question 2

when are sex cells matured

Answer 2

triggered by puberty

Question 3

testes

Answer 3

• located in scroum
• contains BV
• each lobule contains leydig cells and seminiferous tubules

Question 4

function of testes

Answer 4

spermatogenesis

Question 5

secretion of testes

Answer 5

testosterone → leydig cells

inhibin + androgen binding protein → sertoli cells

Question 6

function of testosterone

Answer 6

• production of spermatozoa by seminiferous tubules
• dev/maintain sexual char and drive
• stimulate protein anabolism, RBC prod

Question 7

feedback control of male sex hormones

Answer 7

1) dec [testos] → stim GnRH release from ANT pit
2) GnRH → stim LH and FSH release
- LH → stim leydig → inc [testos] → -ve FB to inhibit GnRH
- FSH → stim sertoli → inc FSh and ABP → inc testos and spermatogen → stim inhibin (from sertoli) → inhibit GnRH and LH

Question 8

epididymis

Answer 8

• within tunica albuginia
• transport, mature sperm
• secrete seminal fluid

Question 9

vas deferens

Answer 9

• propel sperm through duct system

- joins with seminal vesicle → forms ejac duct

Question 10

ejac duct

Answer 10

pass through prostate gland

Question 11

urethra

Answer 11

pass through centra of prostate → receives both ejac duct

Question 12

bulbourethral glands

Answer 12

secretes:

• alkaline fluids → neutralise acid of urethra and vagina
• mucus → lubricate urethra and protect sperm from friction damage

Question 13

seminal vesicle

Answer 13

secretes:

• alkaline fluid → neutralise acid of urethra and vagina
• fructose as source for sperm motility

Question 14

prostate glands

Answer 14

• glandular epithelium, muscular stroma
• secretes: watery/milky fluid → important in sperm ACTIVATION
• prostatic interstitial cells → stimulate contractility

Question 15

what is prostate hypertrophy/plasia dependent on

Answer 15

age, and changes in estrogen/androgen ratio

Question 16

what do the ovaries produce?

Answer 16

ova, estrogen, progesterone

Question 17

estrogen function

Answer 17

• maturation/maintenance of repro system
• ova maturation and release
• dev 2o sex char
• breast dev in anticipation of lactation (with progesterone)

Question 18

walls of the uterus

Answer 18

endometrium
- varies in thickness during cycle

myometrium
- 3 layers of SM in all directions

perimetrium
- incomplete parietal peritoneum (does NOT cover cervix)

Question 19

function of uterus

Answer 19

• permit sperm ascent
• implant embryo in endometrium
• dev placenta
• myometrial contractions

Question 20

uterine (fallopian) tubes divisions

Answer 20

isthmus → ampulla (fertilisation, main site of ectopic preg) → infundibulum → fimbriae

Question 21

fertilisation

Answer 21

• within 24 hours of ovulation
• sperm able to survive up to 7 days in female repro tract
• changes to endometrium to support developing embryo (inc nutrient storage and vascularisation)

Question 22

what controls development of mammary glands

Answer 22

estrogen → promote duct dev

progesterone → stimulate alveolar and secreting cell dev

prolactin → mammary gland dev and milk prod
- abrupt dec in estro and pro AND the loss of placenta → induce ANT pit secretion of prolactin

Question 23

ducts of mammary glands

Answer 23

• secreting alveoli in each lobule

- ducts unite → single lactiferous duct for each lobe → converge to nipple

Question 24

what induces milk ejection

Answer 24

oxytocin

Question 25

2 layers of ovarian tissues

Answer 25

ovarian cortex

• epithelium
• connective tissues - tunica albuginea
• contains immature sex cells (oocytes)

ovarian medulla

• supportive connective tissue cells
• BV/N/lymphatics

Question 26

oogenesis

Answer 26

1) undiff germ cell div mitotically → 6-7mill oogonia

2) 1o oocyte → surrounded by single layer of granulosa cells → becomes 1o follicle
- 500k 1o oocytes remain at birth
- 1o oocytes broken down or matured → ~400 mature and release ova

3) matures into 2o oocyte

Question 27

what is a zygote

Answer 27

fertilised ovum uniting with haploid sperm

Question 28

ovarian cycle - follicular phase

Answer 28

characterised by presence of maturing follicle

1) prod mature egg ready for ovulation
2) follicle matures ~ 14 days → ruptures and release ovum (ovulation)
3) follicle becomes CL (lutenisation)

Question 29

ovarian cycle - luteal phase

Answer 29

characterised by presence of CL

• CL highly vascularised
  1) secretes inc progesterone and estrogen than follicular phase
  2) degenerates after 14 days UNLESS fertilised and implanted

Question 30

hormones regulating follicular phase

Answer 30

↑FSH → ↑ estrogen (from follicle) → -veFB → ↓FSH → ↑LH → ovulation → formation of CL

Question 31

hormones regulating luteal phase

Answer 31

CL secretes (also oestrogen) progesterone → ↓LH and FSH

Question 32

hormones when there is fertilisation

Answer 32

Then there is ↑HCG from CL (not degen) → placenta then takes over the role of CL

Question 33

hormones when no fertilisation

Answer 33

↓LH → CL degenerates → ↑FSH again → initiates new cycle

Question 34

why does the endometrial lining shed

Answer 34

sheds at beginning of menstrual cycle

- due to low progesterone and estrogen

Question 35

hormones secreted by the placenta

Answer 35

• separates maternal and fetal blood

secretes:

• hCG → maintains pregnancy
• estrogen → growth of myometrium
• progesterone → suppress uterine contractions
• relaxin → relax ligaments and SM to prep birth (may develop joint pain)

Question 36

puberty

Answer 36

inc GnRH secretion

- stim release of FSH and LH

Question 37

ammenorrhea

Answer 37

absence of menstrual cycle

• 1o → never happens but have developed sexual characteristics
• 2o → menopause or loss of ability to menstrate (e.g. from taking pill)