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Sem 4 > Repro 5: The Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Repro 5: The Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What attaches the ovaries to the posterior surface of the broad ligament?

A

The mesovarium

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2
Q

What is the blood supply to the ovaries?

A

By the ovarian arteries, which branch directly off the AA just below the renal artery

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3
Q

How does the venous drainage of the right and left ovarian vein differ?

A

Right ovarian vein drains directly into IVC
Left ovarian vein drains directly into left renal vein
(Same as testes)

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4
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

A double layered peritoneum that attaches the sides of the uterus to the pelvis, it acts as a mesentery of the uterus

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5
Q

What is the round ligament?

A

Remnant of the gubernaculum

Attaches uterus to labia majora via the inguinal canal

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6
Q

What are the ovarian ligaments?

A

Join ovaries to the uterus

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7
Q

What should the anatomical location of the uterus normally be with respect to the vagina and the cervix?

A

Anteverted with respect to the vagina

Anteflexed with respect to the cervix

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8
Q

In which part of the uterine tube does fertilisation usually occur?

A

Ampulla

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9
Q

What is salpingitis?

A

Inflammation of the uterine tubes due to bacterial infection

Could block the lumen of the tubes and cause infertility/ ectopic pregnancy

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10
Q

What are vaginal fistulae?

A

Due to traumatic childbirth
Foetus progresses down and cuts off blood supply to an area, so necrosis occurs and there is a fistula (communication between vagina and one the adjacent pelvic organs)
Disease of poverty, c section unavailable

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11
Q

What are the different sections of the uterine tubes called?

A

Finger like projections called fimbrae, an extension of the infundibulum, which continue into the ampulla and this continues to a narrow segment called the isthmus which opens into the uterine cavity

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12
Q

What are the two parts of the uterus wall?

A

Thick muscular myometrium (hypertrophies in pregnancy to expel foetus)
Uterine cavity lined internally by mucous membrane endometrium

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13
Q

What is the superficial and the deeper part of the endometrium called?

A

Superficial part is stratum functionalis, which is subject to cyclical growth, degeneration and shedding

The deeper part is the stratum basalis, does not exhibit cyclical changes and is responsible for regeneration of upper endometrium

Stratum functionalis is shed during menstruation and the stratum basalis produces new stratum functionalis after each menstruation

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14
Q

What are the two regions of the cervix and how do they differ?

A

The endocervix is lined with tall columnar epithelium

The exocervix is line with stratified sqamous non-keratinised epithelium (as is the vagina)

The change from columnar to stratified squamous epithelium is called the transformation zone

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15
Q

Where in the cervix do the majority of neoplasms form?

A

In the transformation zone between the endocervix and exocervix

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16
Q

How does the lymphatic drainage of the female reproductive system change?

A

Ovary to para-aortic nodes
Uterus fundus to aortic nodes
Uterus body to external iliac nodes
Cervix to the external and internal iliac nodes and sacral nodes

17
Q

What are the glands in the vagina?

A

There are no glands in the vagina, the mucous lubricating it originate from the cervical glands

18
Q

What are the vaginal fornices?

A

Recesses of the vagina round the cervix

Have posterior, anterior, and two lateral

19
Q

What is the innervation of the vagina and uterus?

A

Inferior 1/5th receives somatic innervation from the pudendal nerve
Superior 4/5th (and uterus) is innervated by the uterovaginal plexus

20
Q

What is the innervation of the perineum?

A

Pudendal nerve

Innervates external genatalia in both sexes, and external urethral sphincters and external anal sphincters

21
Q

What is the route of the pudendal nerve?

A

Leaves pelvis via greater sciatic foramen
Enters peritoneum via lesser sciatic foramen
Travels through pudendal canal

22
Q

The uterine tubes lie in the free edge of which ligament?

A

Broad ligament

23
Q

How does ovum move along the uterine tube?

A

Cilia waft, and peristaltic smooth muscle contractions

24
Q

How can infection spread from the female reproductive tract to the peritoneum?

A

At the opening of the uterine tubes at the infundibulum into the peritoneal cavity

25
Q

What may be a consequence of infection in the uterine tubes?

A

Adhesions which do not allow an ovum to pass through to the uterus
Hence infertility/ ectopic pregnancy

26
Q

Where would pain be felt with an ectopic pregnancy?

A

In the lower abdominal quadrants

27
Q

Why would pain from the rupture of an ectopic pregnancy be felt in the shoulder tip?

A

When lay down, blood in peritoneal cavity may collect beneath the diaphragm and irritate the phrenic nerve
Phrenic nerve originate from C3,4,5 so pain can refer to these dermatomes ie the shoulders

28
Q

What is the arterial blood supply to the uterine tubes?

A

The ovarian and uterine arteries

29
Q

Which of the cervical fornices is usually largest in a biannual examination?

A

As the uterus is usually anteverted and anteflexed, the posterior fornix is the deepest (more of the posterior part of the cervic enters the vagina compared to anteriorly)

30
Q

Which lymph nodes generally drain the vagina?

A

Inguinal lymph nodes

31
Q

What are the pelvic floor muscles?

A

-levator ani muscles
(Broad sheet of 3 paired muscles: puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus)

-coccygeal muscle
(Is smaller and posterior, originates from ischial spines and travels to lateral aspects of sacrum and coccyx)

32
Q

How can damage to the perineum be avoided in childbirth?

A

By an episiotomy

33
Q

What is the perineum?

A

Diamond shaped inferior part of pelvic area

Line at the ischial tubersosities divides into anteriorly into urogenital triangle and posteriorly into anal triangle

34
Q

What is the perineal membrane?

A

A tough layer of fascia only in the urogenital triangle, not the anal triangle. It is this membrane that has pouches on its superior and inferior surface

35
Q

What are the layers of the perineum in the urogenital triangle?

A

Perineal membrane (deep perineal pouch above, superficial perineal pouch below)
Deep perineal fascia
Superficial perineal fascia
Skin

36
Q

What is contained within the deep perineal pouch?

A

Urethra, external urethral sphincter, bulbourethral glands (male), deep transverse perineal muscles

(Pelvic floor is superior and perineal membrane is inferior)

37
Q

What is contained within the superficial perineal pouch?

A

Erectile tissue, 3 muscles: ischiocavernous, bulbospongiosus, superficial transverse perineal muscles, bartholins glands (female)

38
Q

Which vaginal fornix lies close to the vesico-uterine pouch?

A

Anterior fornix

39
Q

Which vaginal fornix lies close to the recto-uterine pouch?

A

Posterior fornix

Sem 4 (25 decks)

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