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Sem 4 > H&N Embryology > Flashcards

H&N Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

How many pharyngeal arches?

A

5, numbered one to six (5th doesn’t form)

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2
Q

What is the structure of the pharyngeal arches?

A

A core of proliferating mesenchyme covered by ectoderm on the outside surface, and endoderm on the inside surface

(Derived by paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm with some neural crest contribution)

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3
Q

Where are the pharyngeal pouches and clefts?

A

Clefts are outside ectoderm surface

Pouches are on the inside endoderm surface

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4
Q

What are the nerves of the pharyngeal arches?

A

CN V, VII, IX, X

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5
Q

What is derived from the cartilage of 1st pharyngeal arch?

A

Known as Meckel’s cartilage

Becomes the mandible, malleus and incus

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6
Q

What artery and nerve is associated with the 1st pharyngeal arch?

A

No associated artery

Nerve is trigeminal nerve

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7
Q

What is derived from the 2nd pharyngeal arch cartilage?

A

Known as Reichert’s cartilage

Forms the stapes of the middle ear and the styloid process and part of the hyoid bone

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8
Q

What nerve and artery is associated with the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

Facial nerve

No associated artery

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9
Q

What does the cartilage of the 3rd pharyngeal arch contribute to?

A

Remainder of the hyoid bone

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10
Q

What nerve and artery is associated with the 3rd pharyngeal arch?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Internal carotid artery

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11
Q

Which nerve is associated with the 4th pharyngeal arch?

A

Vagus nerve, superior laryngeal branch (innervates cricothyroid)

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12
Q

Which nerve is associated with the 6th pharyngeal arch?

A

Vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal branch (innervates intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid)

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13
Q

Which artery is associated with the 4th pharyngeal arch?

A

Right contribute to subclavian

Left contribute to arch of aorta

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14
Q

Which artery is associated with the 6th pharyngeal arch?

A

Right and left pulmonary arteries

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15
Q

What does the 1st pharyngeal pouch form?

A

Eustachian tube and tympanic cavity

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16
Q

What does the 2nd pharyngeal pouch form?

A

Palatine tonsils

17
Q

What does the 3rd pharyngeal pouch form?

A

Inferior parathyroid gland and thymus

18
Q

What does the 4th pharyngeal pouch form?

A

Superior parathyroid gland

19
Q

What happens to the pharyngeal clefts?

A

1st is all that remains

The 2nd cleft grows down to cover the 3rd and 4th cleft and obliterate them

20
Q

How and where can branchial cysts form?

A

Along the anterior border of the SCM

due to failure of the cervical sinus to be obliterated

21
Q

How does the nose form?

A

Nasal placoderms appear on FNP
These deepens to form nasal pits
Medial and lateral nasal prominences form on either side of both nasal pits

Maxillary prominences fuse towards each other, pushing the medial nasal prominences closer to the midline
Medial nasal prominences fuse to each other, and to the maxillary prominence
This forms the philtrum and primary palate

22
Q

How do the primary and secondary palates form?

A

Primary palate forms by fusion of medial nasal prominences with maxillary prominence
Secondary palate forms when the palatal shelves from the maxillary prominences fuses together

23
Q

How do cleft lips and cleft palates differ?

A

Cleft lip is due to failure of medial nasal prominences to fuse to maxillary prominence

Cleft palate is due to failure of palatal shelves to fuse in the midline

24
Q

How do the eyes form?

A

From optic placodes (out pocketing of forebrain that grow to make contact with overlying ectoderm)
These are positioned on the outside of the head, but move to the front of the face as the facial prominences grow

25
Q

How does the ear form?

A

Auricle from 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch surrounding meatus
External auditory meatus from the 1st pharyngeal cleft
Inner ear forms from Otic placodes
Ear initially develops in the neck but ascends to be in line with the eyes

26
Q

What is foetal alcohol syndrome?

A

Alcohol consumed by mother can easily cross the placenta, and affect sensitive neural crest cells
Causes abnormal appearance eg thin lip, small head, underdeveloped jaw, low intelligence

27
Q

How does the neuroectoderm portion of the pituitary gland form?

A

Outgrowth of the forebrain towards the pharynx known as ten infundibulum

28
Q

How does the ectodermal portion of the pituitary gland form?

A

Invagination of the roof of the pharynx towards the forebrain known as Rathke’s pouch

29
Q

What does Rathke’s pouch form?

A

The anterior lobe of the pituitary

30
Q

What does the infundibulum go on to form?

A

The posterior pituitary and the stalk

31
Q

What is the V-shaped division on the tongue?

A

The sulcus terminalis, divides the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue from the posterior 1/3rd

32
Q

What are the emrbyological components of the tongue?

A

2 lateral lingual swellings

3 medial lingual swellings (tuberculum impar, cupola, epiglottis swellings)

33
Q

What pharyngeal arches do the derivatives the the tongue form from?

A

Lateral lingual swellings from Ph. Arch 1
Tuberculum impar from arch 1
Cupola from arches 2 and 3
Epiglottis swellings from arch 4

34
Q

How does the tongue form?

A

The lateral lingual swellings overgrow the tuberculum impar
3rd arch component of the cupola overgrows the 2nd arch component
Extensive apoptosis degeneration to free the tongue from the floor of the oral cavity, apart from the lingual frenulum

35
Q

Where does the primordial thyroid gland appear?

A

In the floor of the pharynx between the tuberculum impar and cupola (marked by the foramen caecum)

36
Q

How does the primitive thyroid gland end up in the neck?

A

Descends down, but remains connect to the tongue by the thyroglossal duct

37
Q

What can occur if the thyroglossal duct doesn’t resolve?

A

Thyroglossal cysts

Ectopic thyroid tissue can remain anywhere along the path of the thyroid descent

38
Q

What is Treacher-Collins syndrome?

A

Failure of neural crest cells to migrate into the 1st Ph. arch resulting in defects in development
Autosomal dominant
Hypoplasia of mandible and facial bones

Sem 4 (25 decks)

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