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Repro 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Barriers to Sperm Penetration of Ovum

A
  • location of gametes
  • cumulus cells (granulosa cells) - species dependent barrier
  • zona pellucida
  • vitelline membrane (plasma membrane of ovum)
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2
Q

On approach to ovum, the sperm undergoes _________ , which is the activation of the sperm

A

acrosome reaction

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3
Q

Things that happen in the acrosome reaction (4)

A
  • activates cation channels
  • increases Ca2+
  • hyperactivates sperm (motility)
  • primes sperm for acrosomal exocytosis
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4
Q

Sperm move by two types of movement. What are the movement types?

A

dancing and dashing

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5
Q

What kind of movement is dancing for sperm?

A

left and right

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6
Q

What kind of movement is dashing for sperm?

A

going forward

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7
Q

These females will loose their cumulus cells around their ovum soon after ovulation

A
  • ewe
  • cow
  • sow
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8
Q

_______ helps sperm transverse the cumulus oophorus and corona radiata

A

Hyaluronidase

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9
Q

During cumulus penetration, glycodelin-A and -F on sperm surface is displace by ____________

A

glycodelin-C

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10
Q

Glycodelin-C binds to the _______ region of the sperm

A

equatorial

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11
Q

_________ promotes the zona binding capacity of the penetrated sperm

A

Glycodelin-C

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12
Q

Removal of _________ may allow a more efficient zona-induced acrosome reaction to occur on the surface of the zona pellucida

A

glycodelin-F

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13
Q

__________ is a glycoprotein coat and has three major glycoproteins: ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3

A

zona pellucida

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14
Q

T/F: Zona pellucida glycoproteins allow some species specificity as ZP is able to recognize the sperm proteins

A

True

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15
Q

_______ released form acrosome assists sperm penetrating the ZP and acrosome is lost in this process

A

Proacrosin

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16
Q

Describe Zona Reaction or Zona Block

A

Once sperm penetrates ZP, ZP changes and prevents additional sperm entry into the ovum

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17
Q

The sperm reaches the vitelline _____ (before/after) the ZP

A

after

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18
Q

What segment of the sperm fuses with the vitelline membrane, allowing the entire sperm entrance to the ovum?

A

equatorial segment

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19
Q

Describe Vitelline block

A

changes of the vitelline membrane to prevent further sperm attachment after the sperm enters the ovum d/t the release of the contents of the cortical granules

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20
Q

T/F: All but the sperm nucleus is degraded in the ovum

A

True

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21
Q

What does the Vitelline block do?

A

prevents further sperm attachement

therefore blocks polyspermy

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22
Q

T/F: Polyspermy is non-lethal

A

FALSE!!!!

Polyspermy is lethal!

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23
Q

The cortical granules release a _______ that hydrolyzes the ZP2 protein to prevent entry of additional sperms

A

protease

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24
Q

Two scenarios where polyspermy is likely

A
  • artificial insemination

- In Vitro fertilization

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25
Q

What species is highly susceptible to polyspermy, especially when mating is delayed?

A

pig

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26
Q

The oocyte is in __________ at the time of sperm penetraton

A

2nd meiotic division (MII)

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27
Q

Spacing of embryos in the pig

A

distributed in both uterine horns; embryos space themselves uniformly by day 12 of gestation

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28
Q

If a sheep has 2 embryos, how do they space themselves?

A

one per uterine horn

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29
Q

If a cow has 2 embryos from the same ovary, how will the embryos be spaced?

A

both in the same uterine horn

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30
Q

Embryos secrete a chemical that leads to the release of ____________ in the very first days of gestation

A

Early Pregnancy Factor (EPF)

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31
Q

What does early pregnancy factor in the serum of the mother do? (2)

A
  • suppress immune responses in mother

- improve chances of successful “adoption” of viable embryos

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32
Q

Recognition of pregnancy (3)

A
  • Early Pregnancy Factor
  • prolong the life of CL beyond diestrus
  • obtaining nourishment
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33
Q

How does the presence of a viable embryo prevent regression of the CL?

A

developing embryo prevents synthesis and release of PGF2-alpha, which prevents CL from regressing

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34
Q

_______ inhibits pulsatile release of PGF2-alpha

A

Interferon tau

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35
Q

Interferon tau inhibits pulsatile release of PGF2-alpha, however the baseline for PGF2-alpha is increased, How?

A

PGF2-alpha is released in bulk instead of in spikes

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36
Q

Species with diffuse placenta

A

pig and horse

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37
Q

Species with zonary placenta

A

dog and cat

38
Q

Species with cotyledonary

A

cow, sheep, goat, deer

39
Q

Species with discoid placenta

A

humans, apes, monkeys, rodents

40
Q

Types of placentas from primitive to advanced

A
  • diffuse
  • cotyledonary
  • zonary
  • discoid
41
Q

Cotyledons are the connections on the _______ side, while _______ are on the maternal side

A

fetal; caruncle

42
Q

Early nutrient supply for early embryo?

43
Q

Function of the amnion?

A
  • protects fetus from injury
  • provides lubrication for parturition
  • reservoir for proteins and fat soluble vitamins for the fetus
44
Q

Function of the allantois?

A
  • fuses with chorion
  • carries blood vessels of placenta
  • reservoir for fetal urine and other wastes
45
Q

Where does the umbilical cord develop from?

A

from and has remnants of allantois and yolk sac

46
Q

Function of the chorion?

A
  • attaches to uterus
  • absorbs nutrients from uterus
  • allows maternal/fetal gas exchange
  • produces hormones
47
Q

T/F: Relaxin is a protein, not a hormone

48
Q

Why does estrogen increase at the end of gestation?

A

d/t its importance in parturtion

49
Q

Source of progesterone in bitch, sow, and queen?

A

original CL

50
Q

Source of progesterone in mare?

A

Original CL and accessory CL

51
Q

Source of progesterone in ewe?

52
Q

Source of progesterone in cow?

A

adrenal gland

53
Q

In the mare, endometrial cups are a source of what hormone?

54
Q

________ increases the expression of 17 alpha-hydroxylase and aromatase in placenta

55
Q

_______ levels in the urine can be used as an indicator of litter size in pigs or fetus size in cattle

56
Q

This hormone inhibits uterine contractions by impairing the effect of oxytocin and prostaglandin during gestation.

A

Progesterone

57
Q

_________ causes development of mammary glands during pregnancy, while ________ causes duct and stromal tissue growth and development in the mammary glands

A

Progesterone; estrogen

58
Q

Function of ovine placental lactogen?

A
  • stimulates fetal growth and mammogenesis

- lactogenic and growth hormone like activity in in vitro assays

59
Q

Function of prolactin in bitch?

A
  • mammary gland development during gestation
  • lactogenesis after partuirtion
  • also maintains CL
60
Q

Functions of relaxin? (3)

A
  • causes relaxation and softening of pelvic ligaments
  • inhibits collagen synthesis and increases collagen breakdown
  • increases myometrial oxytocin receptors
61
Q

T/F: eCG can be detected in the urine.

A

FALSE!

It can’t be detected in urine, but can be in serum/ plasma

62
Q

Functions of eCG? (3)

A
  • enhances progesterone production by primary and accessory CL
  • aids in ovulation of secondary follicles
  • stimulates luteinization of ovulated secondary follicles
63
Q

Stage I of parturition?

A

myometrial contractions and dilation of cervix

64
Q

Stage II of parturition?

A

expulsion of fetus

65
Q

Stage III of parturition?

A

expulsion of placenta

66
Q

In this stage of parturition, the mother is often restless with elevated pulse and respiratory rates.

67
Q

The relaxation and dilation of the cervix is a ________ process resulting from interaction between estrogens, relaxin, and PGF2-alpha

68
Q

___________ myometrial muscle contractions increase cervical opening during Stage I

A

Longitudinal

69
Q

What enters the vagina in Stage I?

A

chorioallantois

70
Q

In Stage II, sensory nerve endings of the cervis are stimulated and afferents reaching the hypothalamus result in the release of ________

71
Q

____________ mediates strong uterine contractions

72
Q

Things that happen in Stage III (5)

A
  • decrease in maternal straining
  • placental blood circulation is lost
  • placenta separates from maternal tissue
  • uterine and abdominal contractions are reduced
  • placenta is expelled
73
Q

T/F: Differentiation of indifferent gonads to become testes must be induced.

74
Q

_______ ducts become the female repro tract

75
Q

Pronephros

A
  • first to appear during development

- has very primitive nephrons

76
Q

Mesonephros

A

rudimentary kidney

77
Q

In mammals, the ________ and ____________ develop into the male repro tract

A

mesonephros (rudimentary kidney) and mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts)

78
Q

metanephros

A

in mammals, develops into functional kidney

79
Q

________ and __________ secreted by Leydig cells contribute to testicular descent

A

Testosterone and insulin-like hormone

80
Q

In most species, the testes descend before birth? Which species is an exception?

81
Q

_____________ is the process by which mammary alveolar cells acquire the ability to secrete milk

A

lactogenesis

82
Q

___________ is the secretion of milk from the mammary glands

83
Q

T/F: A simple mammary gland is essentially a modified sweat gland

84
Q

A cow has ____ gland per teat

85
Q

A mare has _____ glands per teat

86
Q

A sow has _____ glands per nipple

87
Q

A ewe has ____ gland per teat

88
Q

A bitch has ____ glands per nipple

89
Q

A queen has ____ glands per nipple

90
Q

5 Processes of Milk Synthesis

A 
I = Golgi Pathway
II = Milk Fat Pathway
III = Membrane Pathway
IV = Transcytosis
V = Paracellular Pathway
91
Q

________________ can decrease oxytocin release and decrease blood supply to mammary gland, so is counter-productive to milk ejection

A

epinephrine

Physio II (8 decks)

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