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Repro 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Barriers to Sperm Penetration of Ovum

A
  • location of gametes
  • cumulus cells (granulosa cells) - species dependent barrier
  • zona pellucida
  • vitelline membrane (plasma membrane of ovum)
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2
Q

On approach to ovum, the sperm undergoes _________ , which is the activation of the sperm

A

acrosome reaction

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3
Q

Things that happen in the acrosome reaction (4)

A
  • activates cation channels
  • increases Ca2+
  • hyperactivates sperm (motility)
  • primes sperm for acrosomal exocytosis
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4
Q

Sperm move by two types of movement. What are the movement types?

A

dancing and dashing

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5
Q

What kind of movement is dancing for sperm?

A

left and right

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6
Q

What kind of movement is dashing for sperm?

A

going forward

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7
Q

These females will loose their cumulus cells around their ovum soon after ovulation

A
  • ewe
  • cow
  • sow
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8
Q

_______ helps sperm transverse the cumulus oophorus and corona radiata

A

Hyaluronidase

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9
Q

During cumulus penetration, glycodelin-A and -F on sperm surface is displace by ____________

A

glycodelin-C

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10
Q

Glycodelin-C binds to the _______ region of the sperm

A

equatorial

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11
Q

_________ promotes the zona binding capacity of the penetrated sperm

A

Glycodelin-C

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12
Q

Removal of _________ may allow a more efficient zona-induced acrosome reaction to occur on the surface of the zona pellucida

A

glycodelin-F

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13
Q

__________ is a glycoprotein coat and has three major glycoproteins: ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3

A

zona pellucida

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14
Q

T/F: Zona pellucida glycoproteins allow some species specificity as ZP is able to recognize the sperm proteins

A

True

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15
Q

_______ released form acrosome assists sperm penetrating the ZP and acrosome is lost in this process

A

Proacrosin

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16
Q

Describe Zona Reaction or Zona Block

A

Once sperm penetrates ZP, ZP changes and prevents additional sperm entry into the ovum

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17
Q

The sperm reaches the vitelline _____ (before/after) the ZP

A

after

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18
Q

What segment of the sperm fuses with the vitelline membrane, allowing the entire sperm entrance to the ovum?

A

equatorial segment

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19
Q

Describe Vitelline block

A

changes of the vitelline membrane to prevent further sperm attachment after the sperm enters the ovum d/t the release of the contents of the cortical granules

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20
Q

T/F: All but the sperm nucleus is degraded in the ovum

A

True

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21
Q

What does the Vitelline block do?

A

prevents further sperm attachement

therefore blocks polyspermy

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22
Q

T/F: Polyspermy is non-lethal

A

FALSE!!!!

Polyspermy is lethal!

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23
Q

The cortical granules release a _______ that hydrolyzes the ZP2 protein to prevent entry of additional sperms

A

protease

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24
Q

Two scenarios where polyspermy is likely

A
  • artificial insemination

- In Vitro fertilization

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25
What species is highly susceptible to polyspermy, especially when mating is delayed?
pig
26
The oocyte is in __________ at the time of sperm penetraton
2nd meiotic division (MII)
27
Spacing of embryos in the pig
distributed in both uterine horns; embryos space themselves uniformly by day 12 of gestation
28
If a sheep has 2 embryos, how do they space themselves?
one per uterine horn
29
If a cow has 2 embryos from the same ovary, how will the embryos be spaced?
both in the same uterine horn
30
Embryos secrete a chemical that leads to the release of ____________ in the very first days of gestation
Early Pregnancy Factor (EPF)
31
What does early pregnancy factor in the serum of the mother do? (2)
- suppress immune responses in mother | - improve chances of successful "adoption" of viable embryos
32
Recognition of pregnancy (3)
- Early Pregnancy Factor - prolong the life of CL beyond diestrus - obtaining nourishment
33
How does the presence of a viable embryo prevent regression of the CL?
developing embryo prevents synthesis and release of PGF2-alpha, which prevents CL from regressing
34
_______ inhibits pulsatile release of PGF2-alpha
Interferon tau
35
Interferon tau inhibits pulsatile release of PGF2-alpha, however the baseline for PGF2-alpha is increased, How?
PGF2-alpha is released in bulk instead of in spikes
36
Species with diffuse placenta
pig and horse
37
Species with zonary placenta
dog and cat
38
Species with cotyledonary
cow, sheep, goat, deer
39
Species with discoid placenta
humans, apes, monkeys, rodents
40
Types of placentas from primitive to advanced
- diffuse - cotyledonary - zonary - discoid
41
Cotyledons are the connections on the _______ side, while _______ are on the maternal side
fetal; caruncle
42
Early nutrient supply for early embryo?
yolk sac
43
Function of the amnion?
- protects fetus from injury - provides lubrication for parturition - reservoir for proteins and fat soluble vitamins for the fetus
44
Function of the allantois?
- fuses with chorion - carries blood vessels of placenta - reservoir for fetal urine and other wastes
45
Where does the umbilical cord develop from?
from and has remnants of allantois and yolk sac
46
Function of the chorion?
- attaches to uterus - absorbs nutrients from uterus - allows maternal/fetal gas exchange - produces hormones
47
T/F: Relaxin is a protein, not a hormone
True
48
Why does estrogen increase at the end of gestation?
d/t its importance in parturtion
49
Source of progesterone in bitch, sow, and queen?
original CL
50
Source of progesterone in mare?
Original CL and accessory CL
51
Source of progesterone in ewe?
placenta
52
Source of progesterone in cow?
adrenal gland
53
In the mare, endometrial cups are a source of what hormone?
eCG
54
________ increases the expression of 17 alpha-hydroxylase and aromatase in placenta
Cortisol
55
_______ levels in the urine can be used as an indicator of litter size in pigs or fetus size in cattle
Estrogen
56
This hormone inhibits uterine contractions by impairing the effect of oxytocin and prostaglandin during gestation.
Progesterone
57
_________ causes development of mammary glands during pregnancy, while ________ causes duct and stromal tissue growth and development in the mammary glands
Progesterone; estrogen
58
Function of ovine placental lactogen?
- stimulates fetal growth and mammogenesis | - lactogenic and growth hormone like activity in in vitro assays
59
Function of prolactin in bitch?
- mammary gland development during gestation - lactogenesis after partuirtion - also maintains CL
60
Functions of relaxin? (3)
- causes relaxation and softening of pelvic ligaments - inhibits collagen synthesis and increases collagen breakdown - increases myometrial oxytocin receptors
61
T/F: eCG can be detected in the urine.
FALSE! It can't be detected in urine, but can be in serum/ plasma
62
Functions of eCG? (3)
- enhances progesterone production by primary and accessory CL - aids in ovulation of secondary follicles - stimulates luteinization of ovulated secondary follicles
63
Stage I of parturition?
myometrial contractions and dilation of cervix
64
Stage II of parturition?
expulsion of fetus
65
Stage III of parturition?
expulsion of placenta
66
In this stage of parturition, the mother is often restless with elevated pulse and respiratory rates.
Stage I
67
The relaxation and dilation of the cervix is a ________ process resulting from interaction between estrogens, relaxin, and PGF2-alpha
passive
68
___________ myometrial muscle contractions increase cervical opening during Stage I
Longitudinal
69
What enters the vagina in Stage I?
chorioallantois
70
In Stage II, sensory nerve endings of the cervis are stimulated and afferents reaching the hypothalamus result in the release of ________
oxytocin
71
____________ mediates strong uterine contractions
oxytocin
72
Things that happen in Stage III (5)
- decrease in maternal straining - placental blood circulation is lost - placenta separates from maternal tissue - uterine and abdominal contractions are reduced - placenta is expelled
73
T/F: Differentiation of indifferent gonads to become testes must be induced.
True
74
_______ ducts become the female repro tract
Mullerian
75
Pronephros
- first to appear during development | - has very primitive nephrons
76
Mesonephros
rudimentary kidney
77
In mammals, the ________ and ____________ develop into the male repro tract
mesonephros (rudimentary kidney) and mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts)
78
metanephros
in mammals, develops into functional kidney
79
________ and __________ secreted by Leydig cells contribute to testicular descent
Testosterone and insulin-like hormone
80
In most species, the testes descend before birth? Which species is an exception?
dogs
81
_____________ is the process by which mammary alveolar cells acquire the ability to secrete milk
lactogenesis
82
___________ is the secretion of milk from the mammary glands
lactation
83
T/F: A simple mammary gland is essentially a modified sweat gland
True
84
A cow has ____ gland per teat
1
85
A mare has _____ glands per teat
2
86
A sow has _____ glands per nipple
2
87
A ewe has ____ gland per teat
1
88
A bitch has ____ glands per nipple
8-22
89
A queen has ____ glands per nipple
4-8
90
5 Processes of Milk Synthesis
``` I = Golgi Pathway II = Milk Fat Pathway III = Membrane Pathway IV = Transcytosis V = Paracellular Pathway ```
91
________________ can decrease oxytocin release and decrease blood supply to mammary gland, so is counter-productive to milk ejection
epinephrine

Physio II (8 decks)

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