Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physio II > Repro 2 > Flashcards

Repro 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Do dogs and cats have seminal vesicles?

A

NO!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

T/F: The size of the testes is generally not related to the size of the animal

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Types of testicular cells

A
  • somatic cells

- germ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Interstitium (Inter-tubular) cells

A
  • Leydig cells
  • mast cells
  • CT
  • blood and lymph vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Seminiferous tubule (intra-tubular) cells

A
  • peritubular cells
  • Sertoli cells
  • germ cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The Leydig cell is the site of _________ in the testis

A

androgen biosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

These cells are also called supporting cells or the nurse cells

A

Sertoli cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sertoli cells have a ____ population in the seminiferous tubules - they stop dividing in early neonatal peroid

A

fixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tight junctions or the zonula occludens between adjacent Sertoli cells constitute the __________

A

blood-testis barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The blood-testis barrier divides the seminiferous epithelium into ______ and ________ compartments

A

basal and adluminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The basal compartment has germ cells in ____

A

mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The adluminal compartment has germ cells in ______

A

meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

During mitosis and meiosis in the testis, the dividing cells are connected by cytoplasmic bridges. Why?

A

Allows cells in the same cohort to communicate w/ each other and maintain synchrony of differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is spermiation?

A

process by which mature spermatids are released from Sertoli cells into the seminiferous tubule lumen prior to their passage to the epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Residual bodies released from the sperm are phagocytosed by ___________

A

Sertoli cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The sperm head consists of ….

A

nucleus and acrosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The sperm tail consists of ….

A
  • connecting piece or neck
  • middle piece
  • principle piece
  • end piece
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the arrangement of microtubules inside the tail of the sperm?

A

9 + 2 arrangement

9 doublets in a ring with one doublet in the center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T/F: Type A1 cells in the testis can revert to Type A0.

A

True

It reverts back to a stem cell for sperm production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

process in which spermatozoa are produced from male primordial germ cells by way of mitosis and meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T/F: Waves of spermatogenesis is a concept in SPACE and the seminiferous epithelial cycle is a concept of TIME.

A

TRUE!

Note: this is often a T/F question on the test!!!!!!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T/F: The duration of spermatogenesis can not be altered by hormonal treatment, changes in temperature, etc.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

T/F: The duration of spermatogenesis can be easily calculated

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is the duration of spermatogenesis calculated?

A

number of SE cycles x duration of one SE cycle

SE cycle = seminiferous epithelial cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the importance of cytoplasmic bridges present between developing male germ cells?

A

To maintain synchrony of differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Factors regulating daily sperm production (4)

A
  • spermatogonial divisions
  • seasonal variations (environment)
  • cellular degeneration
  • hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

_____________ determine the quantitative yield of sperm.

A

Spermatogonial divisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Mitotic divisions controlled by ___________

A

germ cell/ Sertoli cell ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

___________ can support only a fixed no. of germ cells

A

Sertoli cells

“ceiling effect” for sperm output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

In summer months, male animals can experience ______ sperm output and sperm motility

A

decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

One A1 spermatogonia can result in _____ sperm

A

512

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Optimal thermal environment for normal spermatogenesis is _______, which is approx. 5 degrees C below body temperature

A

32 degrees C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Scrotum (5)

A
  • relatively thin skin
  • sweat glands and sebaceous glands
  • lack of subcutaneous layer of fat in the scrotal fascia
  • fibromuscular layer in the skin = Tunica Dartos
  • intracapsular position of large testicular blood vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Regulation of testicular temperature is accomplished by…

A

scrotum and pampiniform plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What fibromuscular lauer in the skin of the scrotum is sensitive to temperature changes?

A

tunica dartos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Describe the pampiniform plexus in the spermatic cord

A

The outer membrane of the testicular artery merges with the outer membrane of the testicular vein.
Inflowing arterial blood exchanges heat with outflowing venous blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Androgens (4)

A
  • support spematogenesis (maintaienance)
  • induce and maintain differentiation of male internal and external reproductive organs
  • induce secondary male sex characteristics
  • influence sexual behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

In addition to functions, what do androgens promote? (3)

A
  • protein anabolism
  • somatic growth
  • regulate secretion of gonadotropins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Functions of FSH in males

A
  • synthesis of ABP, inhibin, activin, and aromatase

- increases LH receptors on Leydig cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

_____ in males leads to the synthesis and secretion of testosterone

A

LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

___ acts via Sertoli cells to stimulate spermatogenesis (initiation)

A

FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

_____ increases the number of spematogonia and spermatocytes

A

FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

________ regulates meiosis till pachytene stage

A

FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

___ regulates Leydig cell numbers through androgen receptors in interstitial cells

A

FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

_____ is necessary for the initiation of spermatogenesis, while _____ is necessary for the maintainance of spermatogenesis.

A

FSH; Testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

______ and __________ reduce FSH secretion

A

Inhibin and follistatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

_________ increases FSH secretion

A

Activin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Epithelium of the epididymis?

A

pseudostratified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The duct of the epididymis is lined by _________ muscle to facilitate sperm movement

A

smooth

50
Q

There are three kinds of cells in the epithelium of the epididymis. What are they/

A
  • basal
  • principal
  • clear
51
Q

What do basal cells do?

A

regenerate epithelium

52
Q

What do principal cells do?

A

absorb fluid and secrete substances such as alpha glycerophosphorylcholine, sialic acid, and carnitine

53
Q

The blood-epididymis barrier is formed by _______ junctions between principal cells and creates an anatomical, physiological, and immunological barrier.

A

tight

54
Q

What do clear cells do?

A

phagocytose cytoplasmic droplets

55
Q

Fluid within the epididymis duct has _______ to keep the spermatozoa quiscent

A

low oxygen tension

56
Q

T/F: Spermatozoa lack cytoplasm and organelles to perform normal cell functions

A

True

57
Q

Under anaerobic conditions, sperm utilize _________ that is present in abundance in the seminal plasma

A

fructose

58
Q

Functions of the epididymis

A
  • maturation of spermatozoa

- storage of spermatozoa

59
Q

T/F: Spermatozoa released from the seminiferous epithelium are fully mobile.

A

FALSE!!

They are immotile!!

60
Q

Where do spermatozoa acquire their motility?

A

in the epididymis

61
Q

T/F: The region of the epididymis where spermatozoa gain their fertilizing ability is species-specific.

A

True

62
Q

The major site for storage of spermatozoa is the ________

A

cauda epididymidis

63
Q

Smooth muscle fibers in the terminal part of cauda epididymidis and vas deferens contract __________

A

only during ejaculation

64
Q

How long can spermatozoa stored in the cauda retain fertilizing capacity?

A

several weeks

65
Q

On average, spermatozoa are transported through the epididymis in _______ (species dependent)

A

7 to 16 days

66
Q

Does increasing the frequency of ejaculation change the transit time through the epididymis?

A

Yes, it can reduce transit time by 10-20%. However the sperm may not have fully matured though

67
Q

This fibromuscular duct begins at the tail of the epididymis

A

ductus deferens

68
Q

In the ductus deferens, sperm are stored in the _________ portion and _________ movements propel the sperm

A

proximal; peristaltic

69
Q

Male Accessory Sex Glands

A
  • pair of ampulla (ductus deferens)
  • seminal vesicles
  • prostate gland
  • bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)
  • urethral glands
  • preputial glands = modified sebaceous glands seen in rodents
70
Q

Seminal plasma, or accessoty gland secretions, are mixed with sperm and fluid from the cauda epididymis to form _____ at the time of ejaculation

A

semen

71
Q

Semen, the mixture of sperm and seminal plasma, contains what other things to help the sperm survive? (6)

A
  • electrolytes
  • fructose = energy source
  • ascorbic acid
  • vitamins
  • proteases
  • prostaglandins
72
Q

Main function of the seminal plasma?

A
  • provide an environment conducive to sperm survival within the female repro tract
  • prevent immunologic response in the female
73
Q

What might be the reason that there is a 1000-fold difference in the amount of citric acid in the seminal plasma than in the blood plasma?

A

may be involved in maintaining pH in the male and female tracts (vagina is acidic)

74
Q

What do the prostaglandins in the seminal plasma do in the female repro tract?

A
  • cause changes in cervical mucus

- cause uterine contractions to aid sperm transport

75
Q

Function of cholesterol and lipids in seminal plasma?

A

may help keep sperm quiscent until deposited into the female tract

76
Q

Why is there zinc in the seminal plasma?

A

inhibits sperm activation

77
Q

In which species does the male have penile spines on his caudally facing glans penis?

A

cat

78
Q

Two types of phallus

A
  • fibroelastic phallus

- musculocavernous/ vascular phallus

79
Q

The features of this phallus include:

  • small blood spaces
  • substantial amounts of fibroelastic tissue
  • sigmoid flexure
  • rapid erection
A

fibroelastic phallus

80
Q

What species are examples of fibroelastic phallus?

A
  • ruminants

- swine

81
Q

What species are examples of musculocavernous phallus?

A
  • stallion

- man

82
Q

The features of this phallus include:

  • large blood spaces
  • less fibroelastic tissue
  • slow erection
A

musculocavernous

83
Q

What causes the erection of the penis?

A

highly coiled arteries in the cavernous bodies that uncoil

This uncoiling allows rapid passage of large volumes of blood to fill and distend the sinuses

84
Q

Transport of sperm from cauda epididymidis to the female reproductive tract requires _________ and ___________

A

erection and ejaculation

85
Q

There are two stages to ejaculation. What are they?

A
  • emission

- ejaculation

86
Q

Function of testis and seminiferous tubules?

A

sperm production

87
Q

Function of collecting ducts?

A

transport and storage

88
Q

Function of epididymis?

A

transport, maturation, and ejaculation

89
Q

Function of vas deferens?

A

transport and ejaculation

90
Q

Function of seminal vesicles?

A

secrete thick liquid to transport sperm

91
Q

Function of prostate gland?

A

secretes thin alkaline solution to neutralise urine and female system

92
Q

Function of bulbourethral gland?

A

secretions may lubricate, flush out urine, or form a gelatinous plug

93
Q

In ejaculation, what happens during the emission stage?

A

sperm move from the cauda epididymidis and vas deferens into posterior urethra

94
Q

Emission is under what type of nervous regulation?

A

sympathetic autonomic

95
Q

This is the forceful expulsion of the semen from the penile urethra

A

ejaculation

96
Q

What is the function of penile papillae?

A

stimulate vagina

97
Q

Which hormone is necessary for the maintenance of penile papillae?

A

DHT

98
Q

____________ is necessary for accessory sex glands, while ____________ is essential for external genitalia

A

Testosterone; DHT

99
Q

Fertilization occurs in the ________ region of the oviduct

A

ampulla

100
Q

T/F: Oocytes live longer than spermatozoa.

A

FALSE!!!

Spermatozoa live longer than oocytes

101
Q

These structures of the oviducts contract and direct the ovum into the funnel-shaped opening of the oviducts

A

fimbriae

102
Q

Primary barries for sperm to reach ampulla from uterus/ vagina

A
  • mucus secreted by cervix
  • peristaltic muscle contractions in the oviducts are directed towards the uterus to transport ovum
  • transport of oviductal fluid by cilia towards uterus -against the direction which sperm need to go
103
Q

Transport of sperm in the female reproductive tract occurs in these two phase

A

rapid phase and slow phase

104
Q

General summary of the rapid phase

A

sperm (dead/alive) arrive at the site of fertilization within 2-10 minutes

105
Q

What is responsible for the rapid phase/

A
  • myometrial contractions initiated by oxytocin

- prostaglandins in the semen

106
Q

Why is there oxytocin for the myometrial contractions of the rapid phase?

A

Female secretes it as a result of coitus

107
Q

Spermatozoa that arrive within a few minutes after mating _____ fertilize the ovum

A

DO NOT

108
Q

Describe slow phase

A
  • Sperm reside for several hours in the cervical crypts, endometrial glands, and crypts in the uterotubal junctions following depostion
  • During this time, sperm undergo capacitation
109
Q

During capacitation: (3)

A
  • cholesterol coat is removed
  • channels are established in the acrocome
  • loss of ions such as zinc, calcium, magnesium, and sodium
110
Q

What permits the activation of acrosome?

A

removal of the cholesterol coat from the sperm surface

111
Q

What is essential for sperm penetration?

A

Channels in the acrosome that allow the release of pro-acrosin and hylauronidase

112
Q

Sperm acquire __________ when they come in contact with secretions from seminal vesicles

A

Glycodelin-S

113
Q

During slow migration in the female repro tract, sperm exchange Glycodelin-S with ________

A

Glycodelin-A and-F

secreted by estrogen-primed uterus and fallopian tube

114
Q

Function of Glycodelin-A and -F?

A

bound to head region of sperm to prevent premature sperm acrosome reaction

115
Q

After capacitation, there are 3 more steps in the slow phase. What are they/

A
  • changes in sperm cell surface proteins = Glycodelin-S to Glycodelin-A and -F
  • activation of ion channels on sperm surface
  • aquire motility
116
Q

Why is it essential for the activation of ion channels on sperm surface to occur?

A

change in pH from acidic to neutral as sperm migrate from cervix to uterus and fallopian tube

117
Q

____________ is essential for the successful transport of sperm

A

estrogen-primed uterus

118
Q

What 2 things allow for sperm transport in the slow phase?

A
  • uterine contrations

- motility of sperm acquired during the process of activation in the female tract

119
Q

T/F: The majority of sperm will reach the site of fertilization

A

FALSE!!

Majority WILL NOT!

120
Q

which chemical of uterine origin initiates lutelysis in most species?

A

PGF2-alpha

121
Q

In cows, ovulation occurs in _______ phase of the estrous cycle.

A

metestrus

Physio II (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions