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Physio II > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus coordinates component of ________ and _________

A

endocrine and behavior

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2
Q

3 things the hypothalamus is critical for

A
  • metabolism
  • reproduction
  • growth
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3
Q

Endocrine (3)

A
  • secreting internally (most commonly into systemic circulation)
  • internal or hormonal secretion of a ductless gland
  • denoting a gland
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4
Q

What is a hormone?

A

chemical substance produced by specialized glands or tissue

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5
Q

What is the root of hormone?

A
  • Greek
  • to excite/ arouse
  • to set in motion
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6
Q

How is a hormone transported?

A

by the blood

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7
Q

T/F: Hormones bathe all cells

A

true

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8
Q

What “acts on distant target organs at low concentrations”?

A

hormone

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9
Q

How do targets receive the hormone?

A

targets have receptors that mediate the response

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10
Q

Intracrine hormone

A

WITHIN one cell

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11
Q

Autocrine hormone

A

released by cell and used on receptor of that cel

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12
Q

Paracrine hormone

A

local hormone

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13
Q

Endocrine hormone

A

genuine hormone

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14
Q

Neuroendocrine hormone

A

neurohormone

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15
Q

4 broad groupings of hormones

A
  • repro/sexual differentiation
  • development and growth
  • homeostasis
  • regulations of metabolism and nutrient supply
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16
Q

T/F: A single hormone may have one or more functions

A

True

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17
Q

T/F: A single function may be controlled by more than one hormone

A

True

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18
Q

The autonomic reflex loops intergrate what 2 things?

A

ANS and endocrine system

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19
Q

Examples of stress-related regulatory behaviors

A
  • pacing
  • licking
  • excess groomin
  • masturbation in primates
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20
Q

4 Major Types of Hormones

A
  • proteins
  • peptides
  • amines
  • steroids
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21
Q

_________ are synthesized as preprohormones and modified to prohormones

A

Protein hormones

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22
Q

Approx. _____ % of the hormones are protein.

A

85%

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23
Q

Are the actions of protein hormones fast or slow?

A

relatively fast

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24
Q

Why can proteins NOT be administered orally?

A

easily digested and inactivated by GI enzymes

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25
Q

What portion of the cell cytoplasm does protein synthesis?

A

ribosome

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26
Q

Approx. ____% of the hormones are steroids

A

15%

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27
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from? Where are they made?

A

cholesterol; liver

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28
Q

Steroid hormones can alter _________ synthesis

A

protein

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29
Q

Steroids have relatively ________ actions than peptides, but are __________ acting

A

slower; longer

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30
Q

What type of hormones are hydrophilic and dissolve in plasma?

A

proteins/peptides

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31
Q

These types of hormones are lipophilic and thus need carrier proteins to be transported in the blood.

A

steroid and thyroid hormones

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32
Q

Can more of the steroid and thyroid hormones be found free or bound to protein in the blood?

A

bound to protein

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33
Q

Secondary messenger systems are related to what kind of hormones?

A

protein

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34
Q

What type of hormone can affect mRNA synthesis?

A

steroid

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35
Q

What is the purpose of the steroid hormone conjugation with sulfates and glucoronoids?

A

increases water solubility

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36
Q

Exogenous hormones may be influenced by… (6)

A
  • tissue type
  • time of observation
  • species, sex, age
  • type of hormone, formulation how and where delivered
  • pattern of release or time of day (circadian rhythm)
  • dose-effect relationship/ limit of endocrine regulation
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37
Q

Why are disturbances in feedback loops clinically important?

A

Significance in diagnosis is pivotal

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38
Q

Factors for hormone release

A
  • sleep
  • circadian rhythms (24 hr cycles)
  • Diurnal rhythms (during day vs night)
  • Daylength = esp. for seasonal breeders
  • nutritional state
  • ultradian rhytms (cycles more freq. than 24 hrs)
  • exercise = strenous exercise can stimulate GH
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39
Q

Where is the timing mechanism?

A

in the superchasmatic nucleus

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40
Q

What does it mean if a disorder is iatrogenic?

A

brought on by physician’s treatment

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41
Q

How is the hypothalamus KEY for regulating homeostasis?

A

coordination of behavior (Somatic Nervous System), ANS, and endocrine system

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42
Q

This system’s response is quicker and in a more localized fashion.

A

What is the nervous system?

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43
Q

This system’s response bathes all cells w/ hormone and may take minutes, days, or months to see actions of hormones.

A

What is the endocrine system?

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44
Q

These two neurohormones are produced in the posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin and vasopressin

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45
Q

Another name for the post. pit.?

A

neurohypophysis

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46
Q

6 hormones produced by the hypothalamus that control the ant. pit.

A
  • corticotropin releasing hormone
  • GHRH
  • TRH
  • GHIH
  • PRL releasing factor
  • prolactin inhibiting factor
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47
Q

3 major parts of the pituitary gland

A
  • ant. pit.
  • post. pit.
  • pars intermediate
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48
Q

Other names for the ant. pit.? (3)

A
  • pars distalis
  • anterior lobe
  • adenohypophysis
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49
Q

Other names for the post. pit.? (3)

A
  • pars nervosa
  • posterior lobe
  • neurohypophysis
50
Q

Other name for the pars intermediate? (1)

A

intermediate lobe

51
Q

______ can damage/stretch the pit. stalk

A

head trauma

52
Q

What is Rathke’s pouch? What does it form?

A

oral ectoderm that forms pars distalis and part of pars intermediate

53
Q

What forms the infundibulum and pars nervosa?

A

neuroectoderm at the base of the brain

54
Q

Terminals of neurons in the neurohypophysis

A

pituicytes (glial cells)

55
Q

Where do the axon terminals secrete in the neurohypophysis?

A

into the blood

56
Q

what role do the paraventricular nuclei and the supraoptic nuclei play?

A

synthesize sites for vasopressin and oxytocin

57
Q

What happens when vasopressin acts on arginine vasopressin receptor 2?

A

enhances water retention of kidney (antidiuretic effect)

58
Q

What happens when vasopressin acts on AVR1?

A

direct pressor effect via contraction of smooth muscle of the vascular system

59
Q

Where is vasopressin made? Stored?

A

Made: hypothalamus

Stored; post. pit.

60
Q

How is vasopressin released?

A

stimuli acting on hypothalamus

61
Q

What are the two aa differences between vasopressin and oxytocin?

A

aa 3 and 8

62
Q

What causes an increase in vasopressin release? (3)

A
  • incr. plasma osmolality
  • decr. blood vol
  • decr. blood pressure
63
Q

What has a permissive action and is require for max. antidiuresis?

A

aldosterone

64
Q

______ stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli of mammary gland

A

oxytocin

65
Q

T/F: Oxytocin follows a negative feedback loop

A

FALSE!!!!!!!!

66
Q

How does the hypophyseal portal system work? (3)

A
  1. stimulated hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing/ inhibiting hormones into primary capillary plexus and the median eminence
  2. hypothalamic hormones travel through portal veins to ant. pit.- stimulate/inhibit release of ant. pit. hormones
  3. Ant. pit. hormones are secreted into secondary capillary plexus
67
Q

Adenohypophysis Cells (5)

A
  • thyrotrope
  • coritcotrope
  • gonadotrope
  • mammotrope
  • somatotrope
68
Q

Hormone produced by thyrotrope?

A

TSH

69
Q

Hormone produced by corticotrope?

A

ACTH and beta-LPH

70
Q

Hormone produced by gonadotrope?

A

FSH and LH

71
Q

Hormone produced by mammotrope?

A

prolactin

72
Q

Hormone produced by somatotrope?

A

GH

73
Q

What hypothalamic hormone controls FSH and LH? Positive or Negative?

A

GnRH; (+)

74
Q

What hypothalamic hormone controls GH? P or N?

A

GHRH; (+)

75
Q

What hypothalamic hormone controls GH and TSH? P or N?

A

SS;(-)

76
Q

What does SS stand for?

A

somatotropin

77
Q

What else is somatotropin called?

A

GHIH

78
Q

What hypothalamic hormone controls TSH and Prolactin? P or N?

A

TRH; (+)

79
Q

What hypothalamic hormone controls prolactin by inhibiting it?

A

DA (dopamine)

80
Q

What hypothalamic hormone controls ACTH? P or N?

A

CRH; (+)

81
Q

Growth Hormone (GH) (4)

A
  • polypeptide
  • made in somatotropes
  • synergizes w/ insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) or acts alone
  • release is stimulated by GHRH, inhibited by SS
82
Q

Corticotropin/ Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (3)

A
  • released by CRH
  • made in corticotropes
  • classic negative feedback control
83
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (5)

A
  • glycoprotein
  • made in thyrotropes
  • released by TRH
  • classic negative feedback control
  • has effects on cortisol release too
84
Q

Adrenals

A
  • next to kidney
  • left is larger than the right
  • buried in peritoneal fat
  • crossed by Phrenicoabdominal trunk
  • color coded
85
Q

T/F: the right adrenal may appose the vena cava

A

True

86
Q

What does it mean that the adrenals are color coded?

A

Cortex - pale to yellowish

medulla - dark red to brown

87
Q

Can the adrenal medulla regenerate after injury?

A

No; has a neural origin

88
Q

Can the adrenal cortex regenerate after injury?

A

Yes

89
Q

Is the zona arcuata (AKA glomerulosa) superficial or deep in the adrenal cortex?

A

superficial

90
Q

What is synthesized in the zona arcuata?

A

mineralocorticoids

“salt”

91
Q

Is the glomerulosa responsive to ACTH?

A

NO!

92
Q

The _______ and ___________ make up the deeper portion of the adrenal cortex

A

zona fasciculata and reticularis

93
Q

What is synthesized in the zona fasciculata and reticularis?

A
  • glucocoricoids
  • (some sex hormone synthesis)

(“sugar”)

94
Q

Is the deeper portion of the adrenal cortex responsive to ACTH?

A

Yes

95
Q

Site of sex hormone production in puberty?

A

Zona reticularis

96
Q

Mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids are structurally similar, except for one more hydroxyl group located here on the glucocorticoids

A

Carbon 17

97
Q

where are binding proteins synthesized?

A

in the liver

98
Q

how are coritsol and aldosterone metabolisized?

A
  • hormones rendered water soluble

- excreted in urine

99
Q

T/F: Mineralocorticoids are critical for life

A

True

Removal of adrenals without hormone replacement leads to death in a few days

100
Q

Most important mineralocorticoid?

A

aldosterone

101
Q

How is overstiumulation of aldosterone receptors prevented?

A

11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase converts coritsol to inactive cortisone

102
Q

Which one, cortisol or cortisone, CANNOT bind to mineralocorticoid receptors?

A

cortisone

103
Q

Physiological actions of aldosterone (4)

A
  • increases Na+ reasbsorption from urine, saliva, and gastric juices
  • increases Angiotensin II production
  • decreases K+ by increasing renal secretion
  • conservation of water follows conservation of sodium
104
Q

How does aldosterone decrease K+ by increasing renal secretion?

A
  • stimulates expression of sodium/potassium ATPase

- increases the number of these pumps

105
Q

Aldosterone and Angiotensin II together do what?

A

drive salt seeking behavior

106
Q

Aldosterone and Angiotensin II act upon the distal tubule and collecting duct for what purpose?

A
  • resorption of renal sodium and water

- excretion of potassium

107
Q

Water movement is _________

A

passive

108
Q

Main function of cortisol?

A

stimulate gluconeogenesis

109
Q

Other than stimulating gluconeogenesis, name 4 other actions of cortisol?

A
  • production of blood glucose via action on liver gluconeogenic enzymes
  • release of stores from liver and muscle
  • insulin antagonism in the periphery (anti-insulin effect)
  • similar effect to insulin on liver
110
Q

How does cortisol have an anti-insulin effect?

A

stimulation of insulin growth factor binding protein-1

111
Q

Excesses of glucocorticoids …. (3)

A
  • affects many other tissues
  • affect other hormonal systems
  • can be useful clinically (eg- inflammation)
112
Q

Clinical uses of glucocorticoid (4)

A
  • inhibition of inflammatory response
  • immune suppressant
  • palliative therapy for arthritis, arthrosis
  • replacement therapy for hypoadrenocorticism
113
Q

How can glucocorticoids inhibit inflammatory responses?

A
  • prevents capillary dilation
  • extravasation of fluid into tissue spaces
  • leukocyte migration
  • fibrin deposition
  • CT synthesis
  • inhibit allergic responses
  • mediated by inhibition of inflammatory mediators
114
Q

Two cells types in the adrenal medulla

A
  • ganglion cells

- chromaffin cells

115
Q

Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla consist of two types. What are they?

A
  • norepineprine secreting (15%)

- epinephrine secreting (85%)

116
Q

________ is the rate limiting step for catecholamines synthesis

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

117
Q

What does 50% of epinephrine bind to in the blood for transport?

A

albumin

118
Q

In the synthesis of catecholamines, tyrosine can be inhibited by what two substances?

A
  • NE

- EPI

119
Q

Catecholamines mediated by alpha-adrenergic receptors (2)

A
  • vasoconstriction by norepinephrine

- liver glycogenolysis

120
Q

Catecholamines mediated by beta-adrenergic receptors (4)

A
  • increased heart rate/contractility
  • bronchodilator
  • adipose tissue lipolysis
  • vasodilation by EPI
121
Q

How is the release of NE or EPI from the adrenal medulla regulated? (3)

A
  • sympathetic preganglionic neurons
  • cortisol
  • stress/hypoglycemia
122
Q

In the PVN and SON, what cells produce vasopressin and oxytocin?

A

magnocellular neurosecretory cells

Physio II (8 decks)

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