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Physio II > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Stimulatory substances released by excitatory efferent neurons within the enteric nervous system (ENS) include both acetylcholine and substance P.

A

True

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2
Q

T/F: The autonomic nervous system is comprised solely of sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.

A

FALSE!!

ANS has sympathetic, parasympathetic, AND enteric nervous system!

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3
Q

T/F: Sympathetic innervation of the gut wall exerts inhibitory actions at the post-ganglionic synapse through the release of norepinephrine.

A

True

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4
Q

T/F: A paracrine substance is carried through the circulation to distant sites of action.

A

FALSE!

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5
Q

T/F: Syncitial function of smooth muscle layers within the gastrointestinal tract is enabled by tight junctions.

A

FALSE!

Syncitial function is enabled by GAP JUNCTIONS!

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6
Q

Parasympathetic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract are carried by..

A

Vagus (CN X) and pelvic nerves

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7
Q

Paneth cells contribute to the gut epithelium’s role in defense against luminal pathogens by…

A

production and secretion of antimicrobial peptides

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8
Q

The avian crop has a function analogous to which region of many mammalian stomachs?

A

fundus

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9
Q

What is the function of the avian crop and the mammalian fundus?

A

storage

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10
Q

Gastrointestinal smooth muscle slow waves…..

A

are always present and result from pacemaker activity of interstitial cells of Cajal

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11
Q

In cattle, esophageal obstruction would result in metabolic acidosis through what scenario?

A

Net loss of HCO3- in saliva

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12
Q

NON-PATHOLOGICAL responses to serotonin release are:

A
  • paracrine stimulation of enterocyte secretion
  • increased motility
  • regulation of enteric nervous system
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13
Q

This cell type secretes hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

A

parietal cell

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14
Q

What stimulates parietal cell hydrochloric acid secretion?

A
  • histamine
  • acetylcholine
  • gastrin
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15
Q

Out of these 3 - histamine, acetylcholine, gastrin - which one has a bigger impact on parietal cells and can cause the release of the other two?

A

acetylcholine

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16
Q

Key functions of the GI system that help it do what it needs to (5)

A
  • motility
  • secretion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • storage/elimination
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17
Q

The key functions of the GI system are ________ (regulated/unregulated)

A

regulated

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18
Q

What is an additional function of the GI system not involved in the intake of nutrients?

A

protection from pathogens

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19
Q

Enzymatic digestion is for the breakdown of: (3)

A
  • starches/sugars
  • proteins
  • fats
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20
Q

Carnivore GI systems are primarily _________ in nature

A

enzymatic

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21
Q

Omnivore GI systems are both _______ and __________ in nature

A

enzymatic and fermentative

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22
Q

Herbivore GI systems are primarily _________ in nature.

A

fermentative

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23
Q

The essential GI tract functions are under ________ and __________ control

A

intrinsic neural and endocrine control

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24
Q

“Autonomy of the GI system”

A

GI system is self-regulating

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25
Q

What enables the autonomy of the GI system? (4)

A
  • innervation
  • secreted factors (eg - hormones)
  • immune control
  • trophic effects
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26
Q

The peripheral Autonomic Nervous System is comprised of these 3 parts.

A
  • parasympathetic
  • sympathetic
  • enteric
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27
Q

The _______________ INTRINSICALLY regulates the GI system.

A

Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

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28
Q

The ENS is modulated via inputs from EXTRINSIC _______ and __________ components

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

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29
Q

This ENS-related plexus is located in the submucosal layer

A

Meissner’s plexus

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30
Q

This ENS-related plexus is located between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers.

A

Auerbach’s plexus

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31
Q

The _______ plexus, also known as the Meissner’s plexus, regulates secretions and local blood flow of the GI system.

A

Submucosal

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32
Q

The _______ plexus, also known as the Auerbach’s plexus, regulates muscle contraction and motility of the GI system.

A

Myenteric

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33
Q

ENS neurons have axonal __________ and _________, leading to further branching than the normal “garden variety’’ of neurons.

A

collaterals and varicosities

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34
Q

Excitatory efferent outputs - glands

A

secretion

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35
Q

Excitatory efferent outputs - muscle layers

A

contraction

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36
Q

Inhibitory efferent outputs - glands

A

No secretion

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37
Q

Inhibitory efferent outputs - muscle layers

A

relaxation

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38
Q

Sensory afferent inputs - chemoreceptor

A

luminal chemical conditions

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39
Q

Sensory afferent inputs - mechanoreceptors

A

distension within muscle layers

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40
Q

Parasympathetic can also be thought of as “___________”

A

rest and digest

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41
Q

Sympathetic can also be thought of as “__________”

A

fight or flight

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42
Q

Parasym. modulation of the ENS (4)

A
  • vagus (CN X)
  • pelvic nerve
  • pre-ganglionic
  • acetylcholine (cholinergic)
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43
Q

Is parasym. modulation of the ENS stimulatory or inhibitory?

A

stimulatory

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44
Q

Sympath. modulation of the ENS (3)

A
  • splanchnic nerve
  • primarily post-ganglionic
  • norepinephtine (AKA noradrenaline - so adrenergic)
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45
Q

Is sympath. modulation of the ENS stimulatory or inhibitory?

A

inhibitory

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46
Q

Can the inhibitory nature of the sympathetic nervous system override the parasym. influence on the ENS?

A

YES!

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47
Q

GI self-regulatory hormones (5)

A
  • CCK
  • secretin
  • GIP
  • gastrin
  • motilin
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48
Q

GI self-regulatory neurocrine secretions (5)

A
  • acetylcholine
  • NO (nitric oxide)
  • substance P
  • VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)
  • serotonin
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49
Q

GI self-regulatory paracrine secretions (3)

A
  • histamine
  • somatostatin
  • serotonin
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50
Q

GI self-regulatory candidate hormones (3)

A
  • enteroglucagon
  • pancreatic polypeptide
  • peptide YY
51
Q

What stimulates the release of gastrin?

A
  • peptides

- amino acids

52
Q

Major action of gastrin?

A

increase parietal cell HCl secretion

53
Q

What stimulates the release of secretin?

A
  • acid
  • fat
  • protein
54
Q

Major action of secretin

A
  • increases HCO3- secretion

- decreases HCl secretion

55
Q

What cells produce gastrin? Where?

A
  • G cells

- in duodenum and possibly pancreas

56
Q

What cells produce secretin? Where?

A
  • duodenal S cells

- in the duodenum and jejunum

57
Q

What cells produce CCK? Where?

A
  • I cells

- in small intestine and enteric neurons

58
Q

What cells produce GIP? Where?

A
  • K cells

- in the duodenum and jejunum

59
Q

What cells produce motilin? Where?

A
  • M cells

- in the duodenum and jejunum

60
Q

What stimulates the release of CCK?

A

fats and proteins

61
Q

Major action of CCK?

A
  • increase pancreatic enzyme and insulin secretion
  • increase bile secretion
  • satiety factor
62
Q

What hormone produced in the gut is the satiety factor?

A

CCK

63
Q

What is the release stimulus for GIP?

A

fats and glucose

64
Q

Major action of GIP?

A
  • decrease gastric secretions

- increase insulin secretions

65
Q

What stimulates the release of motilin?

A
  • increase in duodenal pH

- acetylcholine

66
Q

Major action of motilin?

A

antral and duodenal MMC, phase III induction during digestion

67
Q

What does “CCK” stand for?

A

cholecystokinin

68
Q

What does “GIP” stand for?

A

gastric inhibitory peptide
-OR-
glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

69
Q

Substances that signal via the paracrine pathway? (4)

A
  • somatostatin
  • peptide YY
  • serotonin (AKA 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT))
  • histamine
70
Q

Specialized epithelial cells present in the GI tract that the majority of these cells produce serotonin

A

enterochromaffin cells

71
Q

Functions of serotonin?

A

Stimulates:

  • enteric nervous system
  • vagal afferents
  • enterocyte secretion
  • blood flow
72
Q

Gastrin increases growth of __________

A

gastric mucosa

73
Q

Enteroglucagon and cholecytokinin increase growth of _____________

A

intestinal mucosa

74
Q

The muscle layers of the gut wall facilitate these 4 things

A
  • propulsion
  • retention
  • physical breakdown of food
  • particle mixing and circulation
75
Q

The relationship between the propulsive movement and the transit time is ____________

A

inversely related

76
Q

What is a syncytium?

A

multinucleated mass of protoplasm such as a striated muscle fiber

77
Q

In which direction do the slow waves of the GI smooth muscle propagate?

A

oral to aboral

78
Q

T/F: Slow waves require neural input

A

FALSE!

They are myogenic

79
Q

Pacemaker cells for GI motility?

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC)

80
Q

What are ICC?

A
  • modified smooth muscle cells

- found between smooth muscle layers and scattered amongst smooth muscle cells

81
Q

____________ input enables action potentials in the GI tract

A

parasympathetic

82
Q

Excitatory neurohormonal substances _______ the resting membrane potential, which __________ the likelihood for contraction and increases contraction and motility.

A

depolarize; increases

83
Q

Inhibitory neurohormonal substances __________ the resting membrane potential, which _______ the likelihood for contraction.

A

hyperpolarize; decreases

84
Q

Ingestion of food involves what 3 types of motion

A
  • prehension (grasping)
  • mastication (chewing)
  • deglutition (swallowing)
85
Q

T/F: The ingestion of food involves highly coordinated activities

A

True

86
Q

Sensory nerves for prehension?

A
  • Olfactory (CN I)
  • Optic (CN II)
  • Trigeminal (CN V)
87
Q

Motor nerves for prehension?

A
  • Trigeminal (CN V)
  • Facial (CN VII)
  • Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
88
Q

Importance of mastication?

A
  • reduce particle size
  • adds moisture to food
  • adds salivary amylase to food
  • prepares food for swallowing
89
Q

Pushing the food bolus to the back of the pharynx is ____________, but this triggers local sensory nerve endings that initiate the ___________ of swallowing reflex.

A

voluntary; involuntary phase

90
Q

The longitudinal and circular muscles of the esophagus relax and constrict _________ each other

A

opposite

91
Q

The proximal portion of the stomach, the fundus, functions as a storage region. How does it accommodate ingesta?

A

By adaptive relaxation

92
Q

How does the adaptive relaxation of the fundus occur?

A
  • parasym. influence by CN X
  • NOT mediated by ACh
  • possibly via vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
93
Q

The ________, which is the distal part of the stomach, _______ ingesta and _________ it to the SI.

A

antrum; grinds; presents

94
Q

Muscular activity of the antrum is increased by __________________ input

A

parasym. (ACh)

95
Q

GI hormones that stimulate gastric motility

A
  • gastrin

- motilin

96
Q

GI hormones that inhibit gastric motility

A
  • CCK
  • Inhibin
  • Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
97
Q

Two types of motility during the digestive phase in the small intestine

A
  • propulsive

- non-propulsive

98
Q

Non-propulsive motility has a ________ action

A

mixing

99
Q

Propulsive motility is in which direction?

A

aboral

100
Q

When is the ileocecal valve open?

A

during peristalsis

101
Q

General functions of the colon

A
  • water and electrolyte absorption
  • fermenation of unabsorbed organic matter
  • storage of feces
102
Q

T/F: Pacemaker regions of the colon can move to regions in which mixing is required.

A

True

103
Q

Carnivores have colonic pacemarkers located where?

A

near the juncture between transverse and descending colon segments

104
Q

Where is the horse’s colonic pacemaker located?

A

near the pelvic flexure

105
Q

Functions of saliva? (4)

A
  • lubrication
  • bactericidal
  • digestion
  • cooling
106
Q

T/F: The initial salivary secretion is isotonic and is modified as it travels through the salivary gland.

A

True

107
Q

Three types of salivary glands?

A
  • serous
  • mixed serous/mucous
  • mucous
108
Q

Salivary __________ cells secrete and isotonic fluid that contains both Cl- and HCO3-.

A

serous acinar

109
Q

Salivary _________ cells reabsorb Na+ and Cl- but not H2O

A

ductal

110
Q

The final saliva is _________ relative to plasma

A

hypotonic

111
Q

In ruminants, conditions that impede salivation result in _______

A

acidosis

112
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of salivary glands

A
  • CN VII

- CN IX - cholinergic receptors

113
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of salivary glands

A

beta receptors

114
Q

Is there endocrine regulation of salivary glands?

A

NO!

unusual; quite unique

115
Q

Function of surface epithelial cells?

A
  • secrete thick mucus and HCO3-

- protective function

116
Q

Function of mucous neck cells?

A
  • secrete thin mucus

- cell division

117
Q

Function of parietal cells?

A
  • HCl secretion

- intrinsic factor secretion (req. for vit. B12 absorption)

118
Q

Function of chief cells?

A

pepsinogen secretion

119
Q

Glands in the cardia of the stomach

A
  • secrete only mucus
  • alkaline
  • protective function
120
Q

The antrum of the stomach has what cells?

A
  • D cells
  • G cells
  • chief cells
  • NO parietal cells!!
121
Q

______ and _________ lead to a histamine release, which then increases parietal cell HCl secretion

A

Gastrin and ACh

122
Q

As food is digested and acid is neutralized, the drive for pancreatic secretion ___________.

A

decreases

123
Q

In species lacking a gallbladder, such as the horse and rat, bile is released _________

A

continuously

Physio II (8 decks)

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