Repro Flashcards
Mutation in the gene responsible for anterior-posterior axis development of limbs causes?
Holoprosencephaly== Sonic hedgehog gene
What gene is responsible for dorsal ventral axis along the apical ectodermal ridge?
Wnt-7 gene
What gene is located in zone of polarizing activity?
SHH= ant->post axis
Genes located in apical ectodermal ridge?
Wnt-7 = dorsal->ventral FGF= length of limbs
What gene mutation would cause shortened or long limbs?
FGF
What is the Hox gene?
Segmental organization = Craniocaudal
Mutation of the Hox gene causes?
Appendages in wrong locations
What do the mammary glands, parotid gland, and sensory organs of the ear derive from?
Surface ectoderm
**Craniopharyngioma= ectodermal tumor
What do retina, optic nerve, and oligodendrocytes derive from?
Neuroectoderm
What do neural crest cells give rise to?
CNs + DRG Melanocytes Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla Parafollicular cells of thyroid Schwann cells bones of skull Aorticopulmonary septum Ventricular membranous septum
Spleen is derived from?
Foregut mesentery = Mesoderm
What does Endoderm give rise to?
Gut tube Lungs Liver/GB Pancreas Thymus Parathyroid Thyroid Follicular cells
What drug causes Renal agenesis= Oligohydroamnios?
ACE inhibitors
Drugs that cause neural tube defects?
Carbamazepine
Valproate
Mtx/ sulfas
Urachus= allantois and connects?
Yolk sac–> UG sinus
Failure of the urachus to obliterate?
Patent urachus + Bladder extrophy (vesicourachal diverticulum)
The omaphalo-mesenteric duct connects?
yolk sac–> midgut
**aka Vitelline duct
Vitelline duct vs allantois?
Allantois= URINE Vitelline = POOP
Failure of the omphalo-mesenteric duct to close?
Meckels diverticulum (True)
Aortic arches:
3rd=
4th=
6th=
3rd= Carotids 4th= L (Aortic arch) R (subclavian) 6th= pulmonary arteries/ Ductus arteriosus
Which aortic arches are related to RR & LR laryngeal nerves?
RR = 4th LR = 6th
1st pharyngeal arch?
Ms= mandible. malleus, incus, muscles of mastication Innervation= V 2+3
Mutation in neural crest cell ret gene leads to?
MEN2= all NC derivatives
Pheo= adrenal medulla
Parathyroid= 3/4th arches
Medullary thyroid= Parafollicular
What are the female and male derivatives of the Urogenital sinus?
Male= Cowper's + prostate Female= Bartholin + skenes glands
Functions of Sertoli cells?
MIF Inhibin= suppress FSH Blood-testes barrier ABP= maintain local testosterone levels Temp sensitive
What stimulates production of transport proteins (SHBG) and is an indicator of fetal well being?
Estrogen/ estriol
Actions of progesterone?
Thick cervical mucus Inc Body Temp Inhibit LH/FSH Relax uterine smooth muscle Dec estrogen receptors
Tanner stage: pubic hair appears, breast bud develops?
Stage II
Tanner stage III?
Pubic hair darkens/curly, inc Penis size, breast enlarges
Tanner stages IV + V ?
IV= scrotum darkens, glans dev, Raised Areolar V = No raised areolar
Labs in Klinefelters syndrome?
Fibrosis of seminiferous tubules= Dec Inhibin= inc FSH
Abnormal Leydig= dec Testosterone= Inc LH
Cardiac anomalies with Turners?
Preductal coarctation
Bicuspid aortic valve
Defect in Kallmans syndrome?
Defective Migration of GnRH secreting cells into Hypothalamus
Pregnant women with headache, blurred vision, facial and extremity edema, thrombocytopenia, and hyperurecemia?
Pre-eclampsia–> eclampsia
**HELLP (hemolysis, elevated LFT, low platelets)
Rx for Eclempsia?
Mg
women in 3rd trimester and hx of cocaine abuse presents with Painful bleeding?
Abruptio placenta
Pregnant women with massive bleeding after delivery and placenta doesnt fully separate?
placenta Accreta
Pregnant women with 2nd trimester Painless bleeding due to abnormal position of placenta?
Placenta previa
Uterine biopsy in Ectopic pregnancy?
Decidualized but no Chorionic villi
Risk factors for Endometrial carcinoma?
Obesity
Nulliparity
Late menopause
DM/HTN
female with uterine bleeding and masses that are Estrogen sensitive?
Leiomyoma
Obese women with amenorrhea, hirsutism is unable to get pregnant. Pg?
PCOS= high LH->Theca high androgen->Low FSH-> No ovulation-> cystic spaces
**high estrogen & Testosterone
Rx for PCOS and infertility?
Weight loss + low dose OCP
- *Clomiphene for Fertility
- *Spironolactone for hirsutism
Dermoid vs Endometroid Ovarian cysts?
Dermoid = mature Teratoma Endometroid = "chocolate cyst"
Malignant ovarian tumor with sheets of uniform cells + Turners association?
Dysgerminoma
Aggressive tumor with High AFP + schiller-duval bodies?
YOLK SAC (endodermal sinus tumor) **Glomeruloid structures
What are the genetic risk factors for ovarian tumors?
BRCA 1/2
HNPCC
MC ovarian non-germ tumor, MC Bilateral, abdominal fullness, and calcifications?
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
**Psammoma bodies
Benign, Bladder resembling, “coffee Bean nuclei”?
Brenner tumor
**transitional epithelium
Women with Ovarian fibromas, ascites, and Hydrothorax?
Meigs Syndrome
Women with abnormal uterine bleeding. Uterus shows endometrial hyperplasia and tumor biopsy shows Call-exner bodies?
Granulosa-cell tumor
Sarcoma botryoides?
young girl with Rhabdomyosarcoma in vagina
*Desmin + spindle cells
Small + mobile breast mass that is tender and grows during menstruation?
Fibroadenoma
Women with a rock hard breast mass that has sharp margins and stellate morphology. Prognosis?
Invasive Ductal == Worst and most invasive
Bilateral breast masses and multiple lesions @ the same area in one woman. Biopsy will show?
Indian filing== Invasive lobular carcinoma
Pagets disease on nipple signifies?
underlying DCIS
Breast lumps that fluctuate in size, biopsy shows stromal hyperplasia and “Blue dome cysts?”
Fibrocystic change
Which increases the risk for carcinoma:
Fibrosis, cystic, sclerosing adenosis, epithelial hyperplasia?
ONLY epithelial hyperplasia
**others = benign with Fibrocystic change
Sclerosing adenosis?
Intralobular fibrosis + calcification = NO risk for Cancer
MCC of gynecomastia?
Cirrhosis
Klienfelters
Old age/Puberty
drugs (Digitalis, Cimetadine, Spiron, Ketoconazole)
MC presentation of BPH?
increased FREQUENCY
Pt with back pain and increased PSA. what is the next best test?
needle core biopsy of prostate
Pt with infertility, high FSH/LH, Normal testosterone?
Cryptorchadism (unilateral)
**Leydig cells not Temp sensitive
22 yo male with painless scrotal mass, increased PLAP, and biopsy shows “Fried egg” nuclei?
Seminoma
Adult male with painful testicular enlargement. elevated serum hCG. Biopsy shows Glandular/papillary morphology and poor prognosis?
Embryonal carcinoma
Reinke crystals?
Leydig cell tumor
Beta 2 agonist (Terbutaline) has what effect on uterus?
Relaxation
