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FA organs HY > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Mutation in the gene responsible for anterior-posterior axis development of limbs causes?

A

Holoprosencephaly== Sonic hedgehog gene

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2
Q

What gene is responsible for dorsal ventral axis along the apical ectodermal ridge?

A

Wnt-7 gene

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3
Q

What gene is located in zone of polarizing activity?

A

SHH= ant->post axis

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4
Q

Genes located in apical ectodermal ridge?

A 
Wnt-7 = dorsal->ventral
FGF= length of limbs
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5
Q

What gene mutation would cause shortened or long limbs?

A

FGF

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6
Q

What is the Hox gene?

A

Segmental organization = Craniocaudal

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7
Q

Mutation of the Hox gene causes?

A

Appendages in wrong locations

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8
Q

What do the mammary glands, parotid gland, and sensory organs of the ear derive from?

A

Surface ectoderm

**Craniopharyngioma= ectodermal tumor

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9
Q

What do retina, optic nerve, and oligodendrocytes derive from?

A

Neuroectoderm

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10
Q

What do neural crest cells give rise to?

A 
CNs + DRG
Melanocytes
Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
Parafollicular cells of thyroid
Schwann cells
bones of skull
Aorticopulmonary septum
Ventricular membranous septum
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11
Q

Spleen is derived from?

A

Foregut mesentery = Mesoderm

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12
Q

What does Endoderm give rise to?

A 
Gut tube
Lungs
Liver/GB
Pancreas
Thymus
Parathyroid
Thyroid Follicular cells
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13
Q

What drug causes Renal agenesis= Oligohydroamnios?

A

ACE inhibitors

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14
Q

Drugs that cause neural tube defects?

A

Carbamazepine
Valproate
Mtx/ sulfas

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15
Q

Urachus= allantois and connects?

A

Yolk sac–> UG sinus

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16
Q

Failure of the urachus to obliterate?

A

Patent urachus + Bladder extrophy (vesicourachal diverticulum)

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17
Q

The omaphalo-mesenteric duct connects?

A

yolk sac–> midgut

**aka Vitelline duct

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18
Q

Vitelline duct vs allantois?

A 
Allantois= URINE
Vitelline = POOP
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19
Q

Failure of the omphalo-mesenteric duct to close?

A

Meckels diverticulum (True)

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20
Q

Aortic arches:
3rd=
4th=
6th=

A 
3rd= Carotids
4th= L (Aortic arch) R (subclavian)
6th= pulmonary arteries/ Ductus arteriosus
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21
Q

Which aortic arches are related to RR & LR laryngeal nerves?

A 
RR = 4th 
LR = 6th
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22
Q

1st pharyngeal arch?

A 
Ms= mandible. malleus, incus, muscles of mastication
Innervation= V 2+3
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23
Q

Mutation in neural crest cell ret gene leads to?

A

MEN2= all NC derivatives
Pheo= adrenal medulla
Parathyroid= 3/4th arches
Medullary thyroid= Parafollicular

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24
Q

What are the female and male derivatives of the Urogenital sinus?

A 
Male= Cowper's + prostate
Female= Bartholin + skenes glands
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25
Q

Functions of Sertoli cells?

A 
MIF 
Inhibin= suppress FSH
Blood-testes barrier
ABP= maintain local testosterone levels
Temp sensitive
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26
Q

What stimulates production of transport proteins (SHBG) and is an indicator of fetal well being?

A

Estrogen/ estriol

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27
Q

Actions of progesterone?

A 
Thick cervical mucus
Inc Body Temp
Inhibit LH/FSH
Relax uterine smooth muscle 
Dec estrogen receptors
28
Q

Tanner stage: pubic hair appears, breast bud develops?

A

Stage II

29
Q

Tanner stage III?

A

Pubic hair darkens/curly, inc Penis size, breast enlarges

30
Q

Tanner stages IV + V ?

A 
IV= scrotum darkens, glans dev, Raised Areolar 
V = No raised areolar
31
Q

Labs in Klinefelters syndrome?

A

Fibrosis of seminiferous tubules= Dec Inhibin= inc FSH

Abnormal Leydig= dec Testosterone= Inc LH

32
Q

Cardiac anomalies with Turners?

A

Preductal coarctation

Bicuspid aortic valve

33
Q

Defect in Kallmans syndrome?

A

Defective Migration of GnRH secreting cells into Hypothalamus

34
Q

Pregnant women with headache, blurred vision, facial and extremity edema, thrombocytopenia, and hyperurecemia?

A

Pre-eclampsia–> eclampsia

**HELLP (hemolysis, elevated LFT, low platelets)

35
Q

Rx for Eclempsia?

A

Mg

36
Q

women in 3rd trimester and hx of cocaine abuse presents with Painful bleeding?

A

Abruptio placenta

37
Q

Pregnant women with massive bleeding after delivery and placenta doesnt fully separate?

A

placenta Accreta

38
Q

Pregnant women with 2nd trimester Painless bleeding due to abnormal position of placenta?

A

Placenta previa

39
Q

Uterine biopsy in Ectopic pregnancy?

A

Decidualized but no Chorionic villi

40
Q

Risk factors for Endometrial carcinoma?

A

Obesity
Nulliparity
Late menopause
DM/HTN

41
Q

female with uterine bleeding and masses that are Estrogen sensitive?

A

Leiomyoma

42
Q

Obese women with amenorrhea, hirsutism is unable to get pregnant. Pg?

A

PCOS= high LH->Theca high androgen->Low FSH-> No ovulation-> cystic spaces
**high estrogen & Testosterone

43
Q

Rx for PCOS and infertility?

A

Weight loss + low dose OCP

  • *Clomiphene for Fertility
  • *Spironolactone for hirsutism
44
Q

Dermoid vs Endometroid Ovarian cysts?

A 
Dermoid = mature Teratoma 
Endometroid = "chocolate cyst"
45
Q

Malignant ovarian tumor with sheets of uniform cells + Turners association?

A

Dysgerminoma

46
Q

Aggressive tumor with High AFP + schiller-duval bodies?

A 
YOLK SAC (endodermal sinus tumor) 
**Glomeruloid structures
47
Q

What are the genetic risk factors for ovarian tumors?

A

BRCA 1/2

HNPCC

48
Q

MC ovarian non-germ tumor, MC Bilateral, abdominal fullness, and calcifications?

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

**Psammoma bodies

49
Q

Benign, Bladder resembling, “coffee Bean nuclei”?

A

Brenner tumor

**transitional epithelium

50
Q

Women with Ovarian fibromas, ascites, and Hydrothorax?

A

Meigs Syndrome

51
Q

Women with abnormal uterine bleeding. Uterus shows endometrial hyperplasia and tumor biopsy shows Call-exner bodies?

A

Granulosa-cell tumor

52
Q

Sarcoma botryoides?

A

young girl with Rhabdomyosarcoma in vagina

*Desmin + spindle cells

53
Q

Small + mobile breast mass that is tender and grows during menstruation?

A

Fibroadenoma

54
Q

Women with a rock hard breast mass that has sharp margins and stellate morphology. Prognosis?

A

Invasive Ductal == Worst and most invasive

55
Q

Bilateral breast masses and multiple lesions @ the same area in one woman. Biopsy will show?

A

Indian filing== Invasive lobular carcinoma

56
Q

Pagets disease on nipple signifies?

A

underlying DCIS

57
Q

Breast lumps that fluctuate in size, biopsy shows stromal hyperplasia and “Blue dome cysts?”

A

Fibrocystic change

58
Q

Which increases the risk for carcinoma:

Fibrosis, cystic, sclerosing adenosis, epithelial hyperplasia?

A

ONLY epithelial hyperplasia

**others = benign with Fibrocystic change

59
Q

Sclerosing adenosis?

A

Intralobular fibrosis + calcification = NO risk for Cancer

60
Q

MCC of gynecomastia?

A

Cirrhosis
Klienfelters
Old age/Puberty
drugs (Digitalis, Cimetadine, Spiron, Ketoconazole)

61
Q

MC presentation of BPH?

A

increased FREQUENCY

62
Q

Pt with back pain and increased PSA. what is the next best test?

A

needle core biopsy of prostate

63
Q

Pt with infertility, high FSH/LH, Normal testosterone?

A

Cryptorchadism (unilateral)

**Leydig cells not Temp sensitive

64
Q

22 yo male with painless scrotal mass, increased PLAP, and biopsy shows “Fried egg” nuclei?

A

Seminoma

65
Q

Adult male with painful testicular enlargement. elevated serum hCG. Biopsy shows Glandular/papillary morphology and poor prognosis?

A

Embryonal carcinoma

66
Q

Reinke crystals?

A

Leydig cell tumor

67
Q

Beta 2 agonist (Terbutaline) has what effect on uterus?

A

Relaxation

FA organs HY (11 decks)

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