Repro Flashcards by Azad Karim

Mutation in the gene responsible for anterior-posterior axis development of limbs causes?

Holoprosencephaly== Sonic hedgehog gene

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What gene is responsible for dorsal ventral axis along the apical ectodermal ridge?

Wnt-7 gene

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What gene is located in zone of polarizing activity?

SHH= ant->post axis

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Genes located in apical ectodermal ridge?

Wnt-7 = dorsal->ventral
FGF= length of limbs

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What gene mutation would cause shortened or long limbs?

FGF

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What is the Hox gene?

Segmental organization = Craniocaudal

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Mutation of the Hox gene causes?

Appendages in wrong locations

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What do the mammary glands, parotid gland, and sensory organs of the ear derive from?

Surface ectoderm

**Craniopharyngioma= ectodermal tumor

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What do retina, optic nerve, and oligodendrocytes derive from?

Neuroectoderm

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What do neural crest cells give rise to?

CNs + DRG
Melanocytes
Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
Parafollicular cells of thyroid
Schwann cells
bones of skull
Aorticopulmonary septum
Ventricular membranous septum

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Spleen is derived from?

Foregut mesentery = Mesoderm

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What does Endoderm give rise to?

Gut tube
Lungs
Liver/GB
Pancreas
Thymus
Parathyroid
Thyroid Follicular cells

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What drug causes Renal agenesis= Oligohydroamnios?

ACE inhibitors

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Drugs that cause neural tube defects?

Carbamazepine
Valproate
Mtx/ sulfas

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Urachus= allantois and connects?

Yolk sac–> UG sinus

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Failure of the urachus to obliterate?

Patent urachus + Bladder extrophy (vesicourachal diverticulum)

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The omaphalo-mesenteric duct connects?

yolk sac–> midgut

**aka Vitelline duct

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Vitelline duct vs allantois?

Allantois= URINE
Vitelline = POOP

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Failure of the omphalo-mesenteric duct to close?

Meckels diverticulum (True)

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Aortic arches:
3rd=
4th=
6th=

3rd= Carotids
4th= L (Aortic arch) R (subclavian)
6th= pulmonary arteries/ Ductus arteriosus

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Which aortic arches are related to RR & LR laryngeal nerves?

RR = 4th 
LR = 6th

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1st pharyngeal arch?

Ms= mandible. malleus, incus, muscles of mastication
Innervation= V 2+3

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Mutation in neural crest cell ret gene leads to?

MEN2= all NC derivatives
Pheo= adrenal medulla
Parathyroid= 3/4th arches
Medullary thyroid= Parafollicular

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What are the female and male derivatives of the Urogenital sinus?

Male= Cowper's + prostate
Female= Bartholin + skenes glands

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Functions of Sertoli cells?

``` MIF Inhibin= suppress FSH Blood-testes barrier ABP= maintain local testosterone levels Temp sensitive ```

What stimulates production of transport proteins (SHBG) and is an indicator of fetal well being?

Estrogen/ estriol

Actions of progesterone?

``` Thick cervical mucus Inc Body Temp Inhibit LH/FSH Relax uterine smooth muscle Dec estrogen receptors ```

Tanner stage: pubic hair appears, breast bud develops?

Stage II

Tanner stage III?

Pubic hair darkens/curly, inc Penis size, breast enlarges

Tanner stages IV + V ?

``` IV= scrotum darkens, glans dev, Raised Areolar V = No raised areolar ```

Labs in Klinefelters syndrome?

Fibrosis of seminiferous tubules= Dec Inhibin= inc FSH | Abnormal Leydig= dec Testosterone= Inc LH

Cardiac anomalies with Turners?

Preductal coarctation | Bicuspid aortic valve

Defect in Kallmans syndrome?

Defective Migration of GnRH secreting cells into Hypothalamus

Pregnant women with headache, blurred vision, facial and extremity edema, thrombocytopenia, and hyperurecemia?

Pre-eclampsia--> eclampsia | **HELLP (hemolysis, elevated LFT, low platelets)

Rx for Eclempsia?

women in 3rd trimester and hx of cocaine abuse presents with Painful bleeding?

Abruptio placenta

Pregnant women with massive bleeding after delivery and placenta doesnt fully separate?

placenta Accreta

Pregnant women with 2nd trimester Painless bleeding due to abnormal position of placenta?

Placenta previa

Uterine biopsy in Ectopic pregnancy?

Decidualized but no Chorionic villi

Risk factors for Endometrial carcinoma?

Obesity Nulliparity Late menopause DM/HTN

female with uterine bleeding and masses that are Estrogen sensitive?

Leiomyoma

Obese women with amenorrhea, hirsutism is unable to get pregnant. Pg?

PCOS= high LH->Theca high androgen->Low FSH-> No ovulation-> cystic spaces **high estrogen & Testosterone

Rx for PCOS and infertility?

Weight loss + low dose OCP * *Clomiphene for Fertility * *Spironolactone for hirsutism

Dermoid vs Endometroid Ovarian cysts?

``` Dermoid = mature Teratoma Endometroid = "chocolate cyst" ```

Malignant ovarian tumor with sheets of uniform cells + Turners association?

Dysgerminoma

Aggressive tumor with High AFP + schiller-duval bodies?

``` YOLK SAC (endodermal sinus tumor) **Glomeruloid structures ```

What are the genetic risk factors for ovarian tumors?

BRCA 1/2 | HNPCC

MC ovarian non-germ tumor, MC Bilateral, abdominal fullness, and calcifications?

Serous cystadenocarcinoma | **Psammoma bodies

Benign, Bladder resembling, "coffee Bean nuclei"?

Brenner tumor | **transitional epithelium

Women with Ovarian fibromas, ascites, and Hydrothorax?

Meigs Syndrome

Women with abnormal uterine bleeding. Uterus shows endometrial hyperplasia and tumor biopsy shows Call-exner bodies?

Granulosa-cell tumor

Sarcoma botryoides?

young girl with Rhabdomyosarcoma in vagina | *Desmin + spindle cells

Small + mobile breast mass that is tender and grows during menstruation?

Fibroadenoma

Women with a rock hard breast mass that has sharp margins and stellate morphology. Prognosis?

Invasive Ductal == Worst and most invasive

Bilateral breast masses and multiple lesions @ the same area in one woman. Biopsy will show?

Indian filing== Invasive lobular carcinoma

Pagets disease on nipple signifies?

underlying DCIS

Breast lumps that fluctuate in size, biopsy shows stromal hyperplasia and "Blue dome cysts?"

Fibrocystic change

Which increases the risk for carcinoma: | Fibrosis, cystic, sclerosing adenosis, epithelial hyperplasia?

ONLY epithelial hyperplasia | **others = benign with Fibrocystic change

Sclerosing adenosis?

Intralobular fibrosis + calcification = NO risk for Cancer

MCC of gynecomastia?

Cirrhosis Klienfelters Old age/Puberty drugs (Digitalis, Cimetadine, Spiron, Ketoconazole)

MC presentation of BPH?

increased FREQUENCY

Pt with back pain and increased PSA. what is the next best test?

needle core biopsy of prostate

Pt with infertility, high FSH/LH, Normal testosterone?

Cryptorchadism (unilateral) | **Leydig cells not Temp sensitive

22 yo male with painless scrotal mass, increased PLAP, and biopsy shows "Fried egg" nuclei?

Seminoma

Adult male with painful testicular enlargement. elevated serum hCG. Biopsy shows Glandular/papillary morphology and poor prognosis?

Embryonal carcinoma

Reinke crystals?

Leydig cell tumor

Beta 2 agonist (Terbutaline) has what effect on uterus?

Relaxation

Repro Flashcards

(67 cards)