Endocrine

Question 1

What are the glycoprotein hormones/ with same alpha subunits?

Answer 1

TSH
LH
FSH
hCG

Question 2

Acidophilic cells in the pituitary gland secrete?

**Also receptor associated TK receptors?

Answer 2

GH
Prolactin
**Cytokines

Question 3

What are the cells that take up glucose independent of insulin?

Answer 3

Brain
RBCs
Intestines
Cornea
Kidney
Liver

Question 4

GLUT-1
GLUT-2
GLUT-4

Answer 4

1= Independent= RBC/ Brain
2= Bidirectional = Beta/ liver/ kidney/ intestine
4= Dependent= muscle/ adipose

Question 5

Stimulate insulin?

Inhibit insule release?

Answer 5

stimulate= beta agonist, GH, hypergluc
Inhibit= alpha2+, SS, hypogluc

Question 6

Arginine + Sleep + Hypoglycemia stimulate the release of?

Answer 6

GH

**Inhibited by Hyperglycemia

Question 7

Metyrapone test?

Answer 7

Inhibits 11 beta Hydroxylase in adrenal gland
Normal= Dec Cortisol, Inc ACTH/ deoxycortisol
Pit= No ACTH
adrenal= No Deoxycortisol

Question 8

High levels of TRH can cause release of what?

Answer 8

TSH + PROLACTIN

**Hypothyroid= high TRH = Prolactinemia

Question 9

Functions of Cortisol?

Answer 9

Upregulate alpha1 receptors= BP 
Dec Bone formation = Osteoporosis
Inh LT/ PG production
Inh PMN adhesion
Block Histamine release
Reduce Eos
Block IL-2= Lymphocyte apoptosis
Inhibit fibroblast= striae

Question 10

Stimulates the production of cAMP in renal tubule cells and causes excess cAMP/PO4 in urine?

Answer 10

PTH

Question 11

How does Acidosis vs. Alkalosis affect Calcium levels?

Answer 11

Acidosis= HyperCa
Alkalosis= HypoCa

Question 12

Calcium and Fe are both absorbed in the?

Answer 12

Duodenum

Question 13

Risks of gestational DM due to high HPL?

Answer 13

Macrosomia
RDS= insulin inhibits Surfactant production
neonatal Hypoglycemia

Question 14

Functions of T3/T4?

Answer 14

Brain maturation
Bone maturation
BP= increase B1 rec on heart
BMR= inc Na/K ATPase

Question 15

Wolf-Chaikoff effect of Iodine and Thyroid peroxidase?

Answer 15

Sudden Increase in Iodine Temporarily Inhibits Thyroid peroxidase.
Amiodarone effect

Question 16

Why would someone with Hyperaldosterone have Tetany?

Answer 16

Alkalosis

Question 17

What would the WBC look like for someone with addisons dz?

Answer 17

Low PMNs= marginated
high Lymphs= IL-2 not blocked
High Eos

Question 18

MCCs of Adrenal insufficiency/ Addison’s?

Answer 18

Abrupt Steroid withdrawal

Autoimmune

Question 19

Excretion of what is increased in Pheochromocytoma vs Neuroblastoma?

Answer 19

Pheo= VMA + metanephrines
Neuro= HVA (DA breakdown)

Question 20

Homer-Wright rossets are seen in?

Answer 20

Neuroblastoma + Medulloblastoma== KIDS tumors

Question 21

Papillary thyroid carcinoma?

Answer 21

MC
Orphan annie eye nuclei / Psammoms
RF= Radiation

Question 22

Follicular thyroid carcinoma?

Answer 22

Hematogenous spread

Question 23

Medullary thyroid carcinoma?

Answer 23

Parafollicular cells
Amyloid deposits
MEN2 = Prophylactic thyroidectomy

Question 24

What are the 4 Carcinomas that spread hematogenously?

Answer 24

Renal cell = Vein
Hepatocellular= Vein
Follicular thyroid
Choriocarcinoma

Question 25

Hyperparathyroid (adenoma) findings?

Answer 25

Stones= Ca oxylate renal stones
Bones= Osteitis fibrosa cystica
Groans= Constipation
High urine cAMP

Question 26

AD disease where kidney is unresponsive to PTH due to a Gs protein defect. Pt with Short 4/5th metacarpals?

Answer 26

Pseudohypoparathyroidism (Albrights hereditary osteodystrophy)

• *Shorten 4th= Turners
• *Short 4/5th= Pseudohypopara

Question 27

Failure to suppress GH with Oral glucose test means?

Answer 27

Pituitary adenoma is making excess GH

Rx= Octreotide

Question 28

Treatment for Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus?

Answer 28

HCTZ= increase PT reabsorption
Indomethacin
Amiloride= PT reabsorption

Question 29

Treatment for SIADH?

Answer 29

vaptans= ADH antagonist 
Demeclocycline= ADH antagonist