repro Flashcards
wheres oxytocin and ADH made and stored
made - hypothalamus
stored - posterior pituitary
oxytocin
major effects on smooth muscle contraction
posterior pituitary
hormones made in the hypothalamus, travel down nerve cells to the posterior pituitary, and are then released into the bloodstream when needed. (oxytocin and ADH)
water soluble hormones
GnRH (hypothalamus)
follicle stimulating hormone (anterior)
luteinising hormone (anterior)
oxytocin (posterior)
3 types of oestrogens
oestradiol, oestrone, oestriol
wheres main site of oestrogen production
granulosa cells of growing follice
which major steroidal hormone is associated with prep for pregnancy
progestagen of the corpus luteum
whats SRY (sex determining region on Y chromosome)
pathway for testes to develop if not then will be female
male differentiation
testosterone maintains wolffian duct. The duct then develops into epididymis, van deferens and seminal vesicles. Testis descends to scrotum later
female differentiation
mullerian duct persists and develops to fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and upper vagina
what are endocrine changes during puberty
increase in plasma LH and increase in GnHR which occurs in early puberty at night
menopause phases
pre, transition, post
menopausal oestrogen production
1 year after menopause, ovary stopped making hormones. Production is mainly from stromal cells of adipose tissue and is oestrone
3 functions of vagina
passage for elim of menstrual fluid
holds sperm befor passing onto uterus
forms lower portion of birth canal which fetus passes through during delivery
uterus
pathway for sperm transport
mechanical. protection
endometrium has 2 divisions (stratum functionalis and basalis)
fallopian tubes
fertilisation occurs in ampulla
tubes contain environment with lipids and glycogen for sperm, egg and embryo
ovaries
has 3 regions.
outer cortex containing follicles
central medulla consisting of stroma and steroid producing cells
inner hilum which is entry for nerves and blood vessels
primordial follicle
represents initial stage of oocyte surrounded by flat follicular cells
primary follicle
as follicles grow add layer of granulosa around oocyte
secondary follicle
as granulosa cells increase rapidly in number they produce fluid that forms a singular cavity
mature follicle
oocyte becomes suspended in fluid
ovulation
when follicle is increasing in size but then it ruptures and carries oocyte out into uterine tube
fertilisation
if oocyte is fertilised the copus leuteum persists due to hormone produced by chorion of embryo
copus luteum
breaks down and granulosa forms lutein cells
whats role of follicle stimulating hormone
acts on testes/ovaries to stimulate gamete production
What is the role of luteinising hormone?
Acts on the testes to promote the synthesis of testosterone.
Acts on the ovaries to trigger ovulation and promote the sythesis and release of ovarian hormones
whats follicular and luteal phase
follicular (day 1 - ovulation)
luteal (ovulation - menstruation)
what are Seminiferous tubules
tubes in testes where spermatogenesis occurs
whats sertoli cells
inside seminiferous tubules and help for development of spermatids. Phagocytes debris from spermatid, produces inhibin for feedback loop, produces AMH
whats leydig cells
located in the interstitial tissue of the testes, situated between the seminiferous tubules. Produces testosterone
where do mitotic divisions of spermatogonia occur
in basal compartment of seminiferous tubules. 1 daughter cell remains undifferentiated to maintain stem cell population.
where does mitosis divisions of spermatogonia occur
in adluminal compartment of seminiferous tubules. They are called primary spermatocytes here.
meiosis phases
primary spermatocytes (46 chromosomes) > secondary spermatocytes (23 chromosomes) > 4 spermatids (23 chromosomes)
whats spermiogenosis
where round spermatids change shape to become spermatoza. Moves into lumen of tubules
anatomy of sperm
head - has DNA and covered in acrosome which is enzyme to penetrate zona pellucida
mid piece - has mitochondria for energy
excess is phagocytosed by sertoli cells
what produces GnHR
kisspeptin
what traps testosterone to act on sertoli cells to make sperm
small amount of androgen-binding protein in tubules
feedback loop to lessen DHT
too much testosterone acts on GnRH to stop production or inhibin
3 male infertility ways
oligospermia - less sperm count
azoospermia - no sperm in ejaculatio
immotile - sperm cant swim
whats IVF
oocytes are harvested and fertilised ex vivo. needs 50,000 motile sperm
whats ICSI
single sperm is injected into oocye
when sperm moves into epididymis what functions does it gain
ability to swim and fertilise
after sperm shed off sertoli cells and go into lumen what is its path out
testis > epididymis > vas deferens > ejaculatory duct
where can sperm be stored
was deferens
what is it called when testes don’t descend into the scrotum
cryptorchidism
what are seminal vesicles
secretory glands that secrete mucoid substance that contains (alkaline, fructose for energy, clotting proteins, prostaglandins)
what is prostate
makes a significant portion of semen. Its alkali to combat acidic environment of the vagina. contains citrate (ATP), phosphate and calcium, other enzymes for sperm motility
what does semen consist of
10% sperm, 60% seminal vesicle fluid, 30% prostatic fluid, some other
benign prostatic hyperplasia
non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that commonly occurs as men age. Grows inward obstructing urethra
treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia
selective 5 a-reductase inhibitors (finasteride, dutasteride) stops the enlargement or shrinks it but requires long term therapy, surgery
whats the main erectile tissues of penis
corpora cavernosa
what surrounds penile urethra and prevents obstruction during erection
corpus spongiosum
what conducts semen and urine
penile urethra
what happens to penis during erection
release of NO and prostaglandin E1 causes smooth muslce (corpora cavernosa) to relax and blood fills causing enlargement
how does viagra work
relaxation of smooth muscle in corpora cavernosa needs cGMP so viagra inhibits phosphodiesterase to inc levels of GMP
what is process of ejeculation
first prostatic fluid, sperm, seminal vesicle fluid
what does 5 a-reductase do
turn testosterone into dihydotestosterone (2x more potent)
