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medsci > repro > Flashcards

repro Flashcards

1
Q

wheres oxytocin and ADH made and stored

A

made - hypothalamus
stored - posterior pituitary

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2
Q

oxytocin

A

major effects on smooth muscle contraction

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3
Q

posterior pituitary

A

hormones made in the hypothalamus, travel down nerve cells to the posterior pituitary, and are then released into the bloodstream when needed. (oxytocin and ADH)

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4
Q

water soluble hormones

A

GnRH (hypothalamus)
follicle stimulating hormone (anterior)
luteinising hormone (anterior)
oxytocin (posterior)

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5
Q

3 types of oestrogens

A

oestradiol, oestrone, oestriol

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6
Q

wheres main site of oestrogen production

A

granulosa cells of growing follice

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7
Q

which major steroidal hormone is associated with prep for pregnancy

A

progestagen of the corpus luteum

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8
Q

whats SRY (sex determining region on Y chromosome)

A

pathway for testes to develop if not then will be female

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9
Q

male differentiation

A

testosterone maintains wolffian duct. The duct then develops into epididymis, van deferens and seminal vesicles. Testis descends to scrotum later

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10
Q

female differentiation

A

mullerian duct persists and develops to fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and upper vagina

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11
Q

what are endocrine changes during puberty

A

increase in plasma LH and increase in GnHR which occurs in early puberty at night

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12
Q

menopause phases

A

pre, transition, post

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13
Q

menopausal oestrogen production

A

1 year after menopause, ovary stopped making hormones. Production is mainly from stromal cells of adipose tissue and is oestrone

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14
Q

3 functions of vagina

A

passage for elim of menstrual fluid
holds sperm befor passing onto uterus
forms lower portion of birth canal which fetus passes through during delivery

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15
Q

uterus

A

pathway for sperm transport
mechanical. protection
endometrium has 2 divisions (stratum functionalis and basalis)

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16
Q

fallopian tubes

A

fertilisation occurs in ampulla
tubes contain environment with lipids and glycogen for sperm, egg and embryo

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17
Q

ovaries

A

has 3 regions.
outer cortex containing follicles
central medulla consisting of stroma and steroid producing cells
inner hilum which is entry for nerves and blood vessels

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18
Q

primordial follicle

A

represents initial stage of oocyte surrounded by flat follicular cells

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19
Q

primary follicle

A

as follicles grow add layer of granulosa around oocyte

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20
Q

secondary follicle

A

as granulosa cells increase rapidly in number they produce fluid that forms a singular cavity

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21
Q

mature follicle

A

oocyte becomes suspended in fluid

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22
Q

ovulation

A

when follicle is increasing in size but then it ruptures and carries oocyte out into uterine tube

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23
Q

fertilisation

A

if oocyte is fertilised the copus leuteum persists due to hormone produced by chorion of embryo

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24
Q

copus luteum

A

breaks down and granulosa forms lutein cells

25
Q

whats role of follicle stimulating hormone

A

acts on testes/ovaries to stimulate gamete production

26
Q

What is the role of luteinising hormone?

A

Acts on the testes to promote the synthesis of testosterone.
Acts on the ovaries to trigger ovulation and promote the sythesis and release of ovarian hormones

27
Q

whats follicular and luteal phase

A

follicular (day 1 - ovulation)
luteal (ovulation - menstruation)

28
Q

what are Seminiferous tubules

A

tubes in testes where spermatogenesis occurs

29
Q

whats sertoli cells

A

inside seminiferous tubules and help for development of spermatids. Phagocytes debris from spermatid, produces inhibin for feedback loop, produces AMH

30
Q

whats leydig cells

A

located in the interstitial tissue of the testes, situated between the seminiferous tubules. Produces testosterone

31
Q

where do mitotic divisions of spermatogonia occur

A

in basal compartment of seminiferous tubules. 1 daughter cell remains undifferentiated to maintain stem cell population.

32
Q

where does mitosis divisions of spermatogonia occur

A

in adluminal compartment of seminiferous tubules. They are called primary spermatocytes here.

33
Q

meiosis phases

A

primary spermatocytes (46 chromosomes) > secondary spermatocytes (23 chromosomes) > 4 spermatids (23 chromosomes)

34
Q

whats spermiogenosis

A

where round spermatids change shape to become spermatoza. Moves into lumen of tubules

35
Q

anatomy of sperm

A

head - has DNA and covered in acrosome which is enzyme to penetrate zona pellucida
mid piece - has mitochondria for energy
excess is phagocytosed by sertoli cells

36
Q

what produces GnHR

A

kisspeptin

37
Q

what traps testosterone to act on sertoli cells to make sperm

A

small amount of androgen-binding protein in tubules

38
Q

feedback loop to lessen DHT

A

too much testosterone acts on GnRH to stop production or inhibin

39
Q

3 male infertility ways

A

oligospermia - less sperm count
azoospermia - no sperm in ejaculatio
immotile - sperm cant swim

40
Q

whats IVF

A

oocytes are harvested and fertilised ex vivo. needs 50,000 motile sperm

41
Q

whats ICSI

A

single sperm is injected into oocye

42
Q

when sperm moves into epididymis what functions does it gain

A

ability to swim and fertilise

43
Q

after sperm shed off sertoli cells and go into lumen what is its path out

A

testis > epididymis > vas deferens > ejaculatory duct

44
Q

where can sperm be stored

A

was deferens

45
Q

what is it called when testes don’t descend into the scrotum

A

cryptorchidism

46
Q

what are seminal vesicles

A

secretory glands that secrete mucoid substance that contains (alkaline, fructose for energy, clotting proteins, prostaglandins)

47
Q

what is prostate

A

makes a significant portion of semen. Its alkali to combat acidic environment of the vagina. contains citrate (ATP), phosphate and calcium, other enzymes for sperm motility

48
Q

what does semen consist of

A

10% sperm, 60% seminal vesicle fluid, 30% prostatic fluid, some other

49
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that commonly occurs as men age. Grows inward obstructing urethra

50
Q

treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

selective 5 a-reductase inhibitors (finasteride, dutasteride) stops the enlargement or shrinks it but requires long term therapy, surgery

51
Q

whats the main erectile tissues of penis

A

corpora cavernosa

52
Q

what surrounds penile urethra and prevents obstruction during erection

A

corpus spongiosum

53
Q

what conducts semen and urine

A

penile urethra

54
Q

what happens to penis during erection

A

release of NO and prostaglandin E1 causes smooth muslce (corpora cavernosa) to relax and blood fills causing enlargement

55
Q

how does viagra work

A

relaxation of smooth muscle in corpora cavernosa needs cGMP so viagra inhibits phosphodiesterase to inc levels of GMP

56
Q

what is process of ejeculation

A

first prostatic fluid, sperm, seminal vesicle fluid

57
Q

what does 5 a-reductase do

A

turn testosterone into dihydotestosterone (2x more potent)

58
Q
A

medsci (10 decks)

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