Repro

Question 1

four phases to the canine ovarian cycle or estrous cycle

Answer 1

protestrus, estrus, diestrus, and anestrus

Question 2

proestrus period

Answer 2

– traditionally associated with the start of vaginal bleeding and is under the influence of the hormone estrogen
– pulses of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) that result in the increase of both hormones
– Vaginal cytology at this time usually shows red blood cells, varying degrees of neutrophils, frequent bacteria, and initially parabasal and intermediate epithelial cell

Question 3

estrus period

Answer 3

– characterized by being “in heat
– Serum estrogen concentrations peak just before the onset of estrus and then begin to fall, reflecting the final maturation process of ovarian follicles several days before ovulation
– cats are induced ovulators, meaning that this species does not reach ovulation until mating occurs

Question 4

diestrus period

Answer 4

– time following mating and is associated with corpus luteum activity and potential pregnancy
– Progesterone concentrations rise as estrogen concentrations decrease

Question 5

anestrus period

Answer 5

– phase of the female reproductive cycle in which the uterus involutes
– Anetrus begins with whelping and ends with proestrus

Question 6

Gestation Length

Answer 6

– Dogs: can range from 55 to 72 days
– Cats: 62 to 67 days

Question 7

Pyometra

Answer 7

– bacterial infection in the uterus associated directly with the estrous cycle
– generally develops within three months after estrus
– During proestrus and estrus, the cervix is open, allowing for normal vaginal flora and possibly perineal or fecal bacteria to ascend into the uterus
– Following the estrus phase, the cervix closes, essentially locking in bacteria and allowing proliferation if the uterus is unable to overcome the bacteria using its own defenses
– release of progesterone from the ovaries leads to decreased uterine contractions and increased glandular secretions, and promotes development of the mucous lining of the uterus.
– development of cystic endometrial hyperplasia occurs

Escherichia coli is the most common organism

Question 8

What does “open vs closed” pyo referring to?

Answer 8

– Pyometra is classified as either open or closed as indicated by the cervix

Question 9

Metritis

Answer 9

– referred to as endometritis, is an infection of the uterus that, unlike pyometra, occurs postpartum when progesterone levels are low
– Clinical signs are similar to pyometra
– prediposing factors include: dystocia, retained fetus, contamination during medical intervention for dystocia, and septic mastitis.

Question 10

Difference between treating Metritis and Pyometra

Answer 10

– difference in treating metritis versus pyometra is that metritis often responds well to medical therapy due to the decrease in progesterone production

Question 11

Mastitis

Answer 11

– occurs in lactating females, is simply defined as inflammation of the mammary gland.
– inflammation can be septic or non‐septic

Question 12

Non‐septic mastitis is called

Answer 12

– galactostasis, or impaction of milk
– often arises when the young are not nursing from all mammary glands
– Gentle manipulation and encouraging the young to nurse from different glands can help relieve the impaction

Question 13

Causes of dystocia

Answer 13

1. primary uterine inertia (i.e. the uterus fails to contract with sufficient force due to inherited breed‐related causes),
2. secondary uterine inertia (i.e. the uterus fails to contact with sufficient force due to exhaustion, electrolyte disturbance, hypoglycemia, dehydration, etc.)
3. dam conformation, pelvic narrowing secondary to pelvic trauma or neoplasia, uterine torsion, or uterine prolapse

Question 14

normal parturition period

Answer 14

Divided into 3 labor stages

Question 15

Stage one labor

Answer 15

– changes that often go unnoticed by the client
– uterus begins to contract, the cervix dilates, and body temperature begins to fall to 36.1–37.2 °C (97–99 °F)
– decline in body temperature coincides with the decline in progesterone. Stage 1 labor usually lasts 6–12 hours, but may last up to 24 hours

Question 16

Stage two labor

Answer 16

– what most people consider true labor
– Strong contractions begin and a clear vaginal discharge will be noticed prior to the delivery of each neonate.
– expulsion of the newborn occurs within several hours of the initiation of stage 2.
– Stage 2 can last 12–24 hours in dogs and up to 36 hours in cats, with up to an hour between the birth of each puppy or kitten.

Question 17

Stage three labor

Answer 17

– involves the passing of the placenta.
– often happens along with stage 2, as placenta will be passed after each fetus.
– If multiple fetuses are passed within a short amount of time, the placentas will follow together.

Question 18

Uterine inertia

Answer 18

occurs when the uterus is unable to push the fetus into the birth canal due to poor myometrial contractions.
– can be primary, including genetic, mechanical, hormonal, or physical components
–

Question 19

Primary uterine inertia

Answer 19

is suspected when stage 2 labor never appears to begin

Question 20

Secondary uterine inertia

Answer 20

more common and causes include dam exhaustion, stretching of the uterus from large or prior litters, calcium or glucose deficiencies, or other systemic disease.

Question 21

When can you give oxytocin?

Answer 21

– once hydration status/electrolyte abnormalities have been addressed
– obstruction of the birth canal has been ruled out

Question 22

Uterine torsion

Answer 22

defined as rotation of the uterus by more than 45° around the long axis.
– most commonly occurs with pregnancy but can occur without it as well
– reported to occur with pyometra, polyps, and trauma in small animals

Question 23

Uterine torsion treatment

Answer 23

– Intravenous fluid therapy and analgesia are the first step in treatment for uterine torsion
– eral anesthesia and ovariohysterectomy is the treatment of choice for uterine torsion.

Question 24

Uterine Prolapse

Answer 24

– protrusion of the uterus, through the cervix, to the outside of the body
– One or both uterine horns can prolapse
– rare condition but appears more commonly in the cat than the dog
– most often during parturition or shortly after, as the cervix is open.
– or with dystocia, metritis, or with retained placenta

Question 25

Eclampsia

Answer 25

hypocalcemia occurs secondarily to pregnancy
– calcium is utilized by the growing fetuses
– dam’s calcium stores continue to be depleted during lactation, especially if she is experiencing decreased appetite or poor nutrition
– most common in small and toy breed dogs,

Question 26

Why does calcium supplementation put pt at risk for eclampsia?

Answer 26

– because the calcium supplementation results in reduced parathyroid hormone activity

Question 27

Clinical signs of eclampsia

Answer 27

– alteration in nerve fiber activity
– hypocalcemia tetany, including weakness, lethargy, hyporexia, ataxic, facial pruritus, muscle rigidity, muscle tremors, and seizures
– hyperthermia due to increased muscle activity and spasms, tachycardia, and tachypnea

Question 28

Hypocalcemia may cause ____ on CEKG

Answer 28

– prolonged QT interval

Question 29

Prostatic Disease

Answer 29

– canine prostate is an accessory sex organ that surrounds the urethra.
– common pathology is tyically benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) acute prostatitis or prostatic abscess, and neoplasia

uncommon in the cat

Question 30

benign prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 30

– can predispose the prostate to bacterial infections
– Prostatic ducts connect the prostate and urethra
– Ascending infection from the bladder is considered the route of bacterial transmission into the prostate