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PCP > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Small Animal - Cycle Timings

A

Pro-oestrus - 19 days
Oestrus - 10 days
Luteal - 2 months
Anoestrus - 4.5 months

Gestation - 63-63 days

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2
Q

Progesterone

A

Small animal - CL only
high in luteal phase –> pseudopregnancy, pyo

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3
Q

LH

A

Stimulates ovulation

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4
Q

Pregnancy diagnosis - small animal

A

endocrinological changes - Progesterone
US - day 17
palpation - 21 days (walnuts), 32 days (sausages), 50 days (can identify puppies directly)
radiography - day 45 (earlier on there are no bones so can’t see puppies)
physical changes/pregnancy signs - linked to endocrinological changes
plasma relaxin concentration - formed by placenta from day 25

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5
Q

physical signs of pregnancy - small animal

A

teats and mammaries - reddening, enlargement, secretions (more obvious in first pregnancies)
vulval discharge
increased HR
increased appetite
weight gain
abdominal enlargement
relaxation of perineal tissue/vulva

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6
Q

gestational aging - small animal

A

organ formation (kidneys in last 20 days)
measurement - gestational sac, crown-rump length, head diameter, trunk diameter - breed specific measurements

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7
Q

pseudopregnancy

A

covert - increase in prolactin during luteal phase
clinical - true pseudopregnancy

behaviours - nesting, agression

physical signs - reddened teats

less common in cats - from sterile matings
usually do nothing
if bad - prolactin inhibitors
don’t spay while in pseudopregnancy - removes negative feedback loop

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8
Q

pyometra

A

luteal phase
bacterial contamination while cervix is open
open or closed types
may see discharge
iatrogenic - caused by administration of oestrogen
can use antibiotics for open pyo
looks like pregnancy on US - mickey mouse ears

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9
Q

pregnancy diagnosis in the queen

A

reddening and enlargement of mammaries
palpation - day 21-25
relaxin monitoring - day 25
US - 3 weeks
radiography - day 40

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10
Q

indications for termination

A

unwanted pregnancy
size mismatch
age
dystocia risk
medical indications

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11
Q

approaches to termination

A

surgical - ovariohysterectomy in late pregnancy, ovarioectomy early
pharmacological:
- oestrogens
- anti-progesterogens - day 1-45
- prostaglandins - after day 25
- dopamine agonists - after 30 days
- late pregnancy - prostglandins or dopamine agonists

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12
Q

parturition - signs - small animal

A

LH and progesterone measurement
behavioural - restless, seeking seclusion, inappetence, nesting, shivering
drop in body temp
perineal and abdominal muscle engagement
increased HR
lactation - 24 hours before, more common first time
imaging - to estimate gestational age - teeth at day 58-63

no significant temp drop in queen

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13
Q

stages of parturition - small animal

A

preparation - relaxin –> relaxation of pubic symphysis
contractions - restless, nesting, temp drop - puppies rearranging position for birth
expulsion of foetus - rectal temp back to normal, passage of foetal fluids, abdominal straining
expulsion of placenta and foetal membranes
puerperium - reinvolution of uterus

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14
Q

dystocia - small animal

A

expulsive force not sufficient
foetus too big or otherwise abnormal
birth canal not wide enough
abnormal presentation
can delay birth if don’t feel ready

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15
Q

dystocia - primary inertia

A

lack of force due to dietary insufiiciences
most common
more in bitches than queens
exercise - stimulates contractions
digital stimulation (feathering) - stimulates oestrogen
administration of calcium
oxytocin - stimulates contractions

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16
Q

dystocia - secondary inertia

A

too tired to continue contractions
correct cause - remove obstructions
make sure no obstruction before giving drugs - can lead to uterine rupture

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17
Q

foetal issues - small animal

A

presentation
position - not pressing against cervix
posture
disproportion

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18
Q

physical indications for intervention - small animal

A

weak straining over 2-4 hours
strong straining over 20-30 mins
fluid passed 2-3 hours ago but nothing else
greenish discharge but no puppies at 2-4 hours
2-4 hours between birth of last puppy and no progress
if second stage labour more than 12 hours

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19
Q

diagnostic indications for intervention - small animal

A

vaginal exam - dilated? lubrication? positioning, size, posture of foetuses? foetal membranes? relative size of birth canal?

US - determine if puppies are alive and if they are distressed
normal foetal HR - 180-240bpm
<180bpm - distress
<150bpm - immediate intervention needed

radiography - malformed foetuses of abnormal positioning

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20
Q

drug induction - small animal

A

oxytocin
calcium
tocyclic

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21
Q

surgical intervention dystocia - small animal

A

epidural
episiotomy - enlarges birth canal
c-section
euthanasia

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22
Q

c-section - small animal

A

emergency indications -
- primary or secondary uterine inertia
- uterine rupture or torsion
- malposition
- foetal death
- foetal distress

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23
Q

postpartum checks

A

normal - slightly elevated temp, serosanguinous vaginal discharge, uterine involution in 12-15 weeks
abnormal - temp over 39.5c, thick dark discharge, haemorrhagic discharge, serosanguinous, discharge longer than 6 weeks
placenta should pass in 4-5 hours

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24
Q

Mare reproductive exams

A

pre breeding
pre purchase
breeding management
infertility workup
pregnancy diagnosis
import/export

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25
Q

poor conformation - mare

A

pneumovagina
urovagina
endometritis
cervicitis
infertility

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26
Q

windsucker test

A

part vulva lips and listen for in-flush of air - test of vestibular vaginal sphincter

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27
Q

use - transrectal US - horse

A

cycle staging - oestrus endometrial folds, dioestrus homogenous texture

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28
Q

use - vaginal exam - horse

A

changes in cervix during cycle
- oestrus - more secretions, more vascular, more relaxation
- dioestrus - dry, pale, closed
- abnormalities - anatomical, build up of unwanted materials, inflammation, variscosity, tears, adhesions

manual cervix check - integrity, patency, adhesions, other abnormalities

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29
Q

semen collection - stallion

A

artificial vagine
electroejaculation
manual collection

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30
Q

problems during semen collection - stallion

A

urine in semen
blood in semen
urine crystals
low motility
low concentration
abnormal morphology

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31
Q

semen evaluation - stallion

A

smell
colour
volume
sperm concentration
motility
number of sperm
pH
morphology
cytology
bacteriology/virology

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32
Q

stallion inspection

A

sperm evaluation
libido and mating behaviours - ability to identify oestrus female, achieve erection, mount, achieve intromission and ejaculation
internal and external genitalia - tears, palpation, US, testes size
culture - penis, urethra, fossa glandis
serology
endocrinology
endoscopy

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33
Q

oligospermia/azoospermia

A

no sperm
either not formed or obstructed

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34
Q

testicular degeneration

A

common in stallion
contributing factors - age, temp, toxins, nutrition, vascular disease, neoplasia, endocrine
feel soft to palpate and small

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35
Q

scrotal oedema

A

US to check if actually oedema or blood or something else

36
Q

thermal trauma

A

impacts number of sperm in ejaculate for 60 days
spermatocytes most vulnerable to thermal injury

37
Q

calf castration methods

A

rubber ring - under 1 week
bloodless - under 2 months (using nerve block)
surgical - any time by veterinary surgeon (using anaesthetic)

38
Q

calf castration complications

A

not getting both testes
infection (including tetanus)

bloodless - catching urethra and/or bladder if done when testes not properly descended

39
Q

lamb castration methods

A

rubber ring - under 7 days
emasculator (bloodless) over 7 days (local anaesthetic)
surgery - over 3 months (anaesthetic)

40
Q

horse castration

A

6 months - 1 year
can leave stallion to grow to 3/4 years to allow more muscle growth
after this behaviours are learned so won’t be corrected by castration
in field or theatre

41
Q

horse GA field

A

ACP - wait 30-45 mins
detomidine - wait 5 mins
ketamine - induction then IV top ups

42
Q

horse GA theatre

A

ACP - wait 30-45 mins
detomidine - wait 5 mins
ketamine - induction
intubate then isoflurane in oxygen for maintenance

43
Q

mastitis risk factors

A

udder natural defences compromised
high bacteria numbers at teat end
udder natural defences bypassed

44
Q

udder defences

A

teat canal - keratinocytes, lipid secretions, sphincter muscle
phagocytes (somatic cells)
frequent milking - flushing
antibodies
lectoferrin

45
Q

individual signs of mastitis

A

abnormal milk or udder changes - secretion, size, texture
no milk (agalactia)
blind or non-functional glands
hungry neonate (won’t see in dairy as not fed from cow)
pain - altered gait
enlarged supramammary lymph nodes
teat and skin lesions

46
Q

herd level signs of mastitis

A

high bulk milk cell count
chronic high cell counts
general sickness - deaths from e. coli
higher number needing to be culled

47
Q

california mastitis test

A

trace - slight slime formation when paddle rocked
1+ - distinct slime formation right after mixing, dissipates
2+ - distinct slime formation, bottom of plate exposed
3+ - distinct slime formation surface of solution convex

48
Q

septic mastitis

A

usually gram negative - coliforms
signs - recumbency, weakness, depression, inappetence, tachycardia and tachypnoea, fever, rumen stasis, diarrhoea
endotoxemia –> hypocalcemia
endotoxic shock –> multi organ failure

49
Q

summer mastitis

A

dry cow
spread by flies - trueperella pyogenes
increased by wet, muddy environments
purulent infection
abscesses
painful to strip out
usually won’t milk again in that quarter after it’s cleared

50
Q

mastitis diagnosis

A

milk culture
PCR
masticide
california milk test
response to treatment
electrical conductivity of milk - increased with higher somatic cell count

51
Q

common causes of mastitis

A

incorrect teat spray volume or application
teat end damage
excessive damage
over/under milking
unsuitable teat cup liners
cup slip
poor cluster removal

52
Q

mastitis pathogens

A

contagious - staph aureus, strep agalactiae (gram +Ve)

environmental - strep uberis, entero/aero/lactococcus sp, t. pyogenes, bacillus, clostridium (gram +ve)
e. coli, klebsiella, enterobacter, psuedomonas (gram -ve)

53
Q

vaccum phases milking

A

a+b - starting suction and continuous suction - 60-63% of cycle
d - rest phase - important for teat health, blood flow back to teat

54
Q

liner tension

A

test by sticking finger in while suctioning
decreases with age - moutpiece slips of teat
service liners every 2.5k milkings
silk liners last longer - 8k milkings

55
Q

dynamic milk parlour test

A

overmilking
liner fit
flow away from teat
reverse vacuum gradients (splash back of bacteria onto teat)
pulsation

56
Q

bull fertility rates

A

complete infertility - 5-10% - no semen or all dead
sub fertility - 20%+
fully fertile - mature bull with 50 healthy cycling cows should get >60% in calf in 3 weeks and >90% in 9 weeks

57
Q

causes of bull infertility

A

failure to mount - eg. poor libido, injury, overwork
failure to achieve intromission/ejaculation
failure to achieve fertilisation

58
Q

bull soundness examination

A

BCS
heart and lungs
eyes
jaws and teeth - need to be able to eat enough to keep up with work
locomotion
reproductive tract
semen analysis
libido/service assessment
infectious disease

59
Q

bull semen collection

A

mated female - internal artificial vagina
artificial vagina
ampullae massage
electroejaculation

60
Q

motility assessment

A

gross motility - graded 1-5
progressive motility - % with forward motion (need warmed slide)

61
Q

sperm cell abnormalities (morphology)

A

pear head
double head
abnormal acrosome
swollen midpiece
coiled tail
double tail

62
Q

cow pregnancy detection

A

transrectal US - 28 days, can sex embryos from 55-60 days
manual palpation - 35 days
Pregnancy associated glycoprotein etsting
progesterone monitoring - if flat progesterone then probably pregnant
knocking - pushing belly - 7 months
non-return to heat

63
Q

twins - cattle

A

usually double ovulation not split ovulation
more energy to grow
smaller at birth
freemartinism
higher rate of embryonic loss

64
Q

early vs late embryonic death - cattle

A

early <18 days - doesn’t change cycle length
late 18-45 days - changes cycle length

65
Q

submission rate

A

proportion of eligible animals served within a given time period (usually 21 days)

66
Q

visual signs of oestrus - cow

A

mucous vaginal discharge
cajoling
restlessness
being mounted but not standing
sniffing vagina of other cow
resting chin on other cow
mounting or attempting to mount another cow
mounting head side of other cow
standing heat

67
Q

conception rate

A

proportion of served animals that are pregnant at pregnancy detection

68
Q

pregnancy rate

A

proportion of eligible animals pregnanct in given time period

69
Q

stages of labour - cattle

A

1 - first uterine contraction to burst water sack - can take hours
2 - after bag burst, contractions every few mins - intervention after 30 mins in cow, 60 mins in heifer

70
Q

initial assessment - cattle parturition

A

surroundings
presentation
foetal-maternal diproportion
obstruction
twins
malformation
metabolic conditions - eg calcium needed for muscle contraction

71
Q

foetal-maternal disproportion - cattle

A

calf too big or too small
dam factors - age, weight, BCS, nutrition
calf factors - gestation length, breed, sire
herd level significance - if often a problem then need to review strategy and plan for earlier intervention for remaining cows
crossed legs - may be a sign off shoulders being too big
c-section in very bad cases

72
Q

obstruction - cattle

A

normal - still in 1st stage, undilated, just needs more time
abnormal - undilated cervix with comorbidity (eg hypocalcaemia), uterine torsion, malpresentation, pelvic abnormalities

73
Q

post calving management

A

check for tears
check for additional calves
rehydrate
nutrition
stress management
client management - lessons to learn, herd level implications

74
Q

immediate post calving challenges

A

retained fetal membranes - infection
nerve damage
tears/bleeding
uterine prolapse
hypocalcemia
trauma
other concurrent disease

75
Q

ram fertility exam

A

around 20% have sub optimal fertility
identify infertile or sub-fertile
avoid economic loss
promotes genetic progression

76
Q

fertile ram definition

A

capable of getting 85% of 60 normal healthy naturally cycling ewes in lamb in first cycle
expected to achieve 85% pregnancy in 40 normal healthy ewes in first cycles

77
Q

key ram hormones

A

testosterone - leydig cells - development of testes, initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis
FSH - anterior pituitary - targets leydig and sertoli cells
LH - anterior pituitary - targets leydig and sertoli cells
Inhibin B - sertoli cells - controls FSH secretion

78
Q

Ram MOT

A

Signallment - age, ID, species, breed, both testicles?
history - previous clinical issues, vax, treatments, lameness, nutrition, fertility, other disease
full clinical exam - nose through toes, BCS, reproductive tract exam

79
Q

Ram reproductive tract examination

A

scrotum and contents - palpate testes and epididymis, scrotal circumference
- 30cm @ 12 months
- 32cm @ 12-24 months
- 36cm @ +24 months

Penis - palpation through skin, protrusion in extended position, serving exam when erect

80
Q

Ram penile abnormalities

A

deviation
trauma
failure of erection
hematoma
pizzle rot
short retractor penis muscle

81
Q

Ram scrotal pathology

A

testicular hypoplasia or degeneration
epididymitis or epididymal aplasia
cyst
sperm granuloma
dermatitis
parasites
subcutaneous fat
positioning - lateral rotation
pendulous
scrotal frenulum
hernia

82
Q

ram - semen collection

A

artificial vagina - gold standard - teaser ewe, ram needs training
vaginal aspiration - teaser ewe, disease risk and risk of contamination
electroejaculation - small proportion doesn’t work

83
Q

ram - semen assessment

A

colour
smell
contamination
density/grade
gross motility - swirl
progressive motility - % moving forward 1x cell length per second (minimum 60% acceptable)
morphologucal exam of semen sample - nigorsin stain

84
Q

ram - common sperm abnormalities

A

pyriform heads
micro/macroencephalic sperm
nuclear vacuoles
knobbed acrosome
detached heads
proximal cytoplasmic droplets
distal midpiece reflex
coiled tails
coiled principle piece
bent tails
abaxial tails
accessory tails

85
Q

effect of stress on semen - ram

A

eg. high temp/inflammation/trauma

reduced sperm concentration
reduced motility
increased morphological defects
sex ratio of sperm

signs seen 1 week-10 days after scrotal stress

86
Q

common diseases affecting ram fertility

A

brucellosis
caseous lymphadentitis - cheesy gland
foot rot/CODD
parasites
nutritional deficiences
Bovine TB
Johnes

PCP (10 decks)

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