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PCP > Radiography > Flashcards

Radiography Flashcards

1
Q

Properties of xrays (7)

A

no mass
invisible
speed of light
travel in straight line
penetrate all matter
cause fluorescence
ionise atoms

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2
Q

Safety measures

A

Time - minimum time exposure, minimum number of images
Distance - maximum distance from source, chemical restraint
Shielding - PPE

+ Equipment maintenance

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3
Q

Radiation Protection Advisor

A

External to practice

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4
Q

Radiation Protection Supervisor

A

Internal to practice

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5
Q

Ionising Radiation

A

has enough energy to ionise atoms and damage biological tissue

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6
Q

Non-ionising Radiation

A

less energetic - doesn’t cause ionisation

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7
Q

Absorbed Dose

A

Radiation absorbed by an object (Gray, Gy)

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8
Q

Equivalent Dose

A

Absorbed dose x radiation weighing factor

How harmful the radiation is to biological tissues (Sievert, Sv)

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9
Q

Effective Dose

A

Equivalent dose x tissue weighing factor

Radiosensitivity of different organs and risk of stochastic effects (Sievert, SV)

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10
Q

Stochastic Effects

A

Effects which occur with no threshold dose - random probability

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11
Q

Deterministic Effects

A

Occur at a specific dose threshold, with dose dependant severity

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12
Q

Direct Damage

A

Breaks molecular bonds within cells

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13
Q

Indirect Damage

A

Interaction with water leading to creation of free radicals which break cell bonds

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14
Q

Photoelectric Absorption

A

Ejection of inner cell election from a photon which ionises other atoms

important for exposure at low energy

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15
Q

Compton Absorption

A

Ejection of an outer shell election which ionised other atom

Photon diverts in a different direction with less energy - scatter

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16
Q

Characteristic Radiation

A

Radiation produced by photoelectric absorption

17
Q

Bresstahlung Radiation

A

Braking radiation - scattered radiation

18
Q

Border Obliteration

A

Difficulty telling apart adjacent tissues with same radiopacity

19
Q

Mass Effect

A

Displacement of structures due to adjacent space occupying lesions

20
Q

Reduction of Scatter (5)

A

Collimation - reduced volume of tissue exposed
Compress patient - as above
Film grids - absorb scatter - use at thickness >10cm
Alternative filtration devices
Lead backing to film cassettes - prevents back scatter

21
Q

Grids

A

> 10cm thickness

parallel lead strips
grid ratio - higher = more absorbed scatter
grid factor = how much exposure factors must be raised to compensate for grid
Contrast improvement ratio = measure of improvement in contrast due to grid

22
Q

Kilovoltage (kV)

A

Intensity of beam

23
Q

Miliampere-seconds (mAs)

A

Rate of xray production in tube

24
Q

Quality

A

Penetrating power of beam - affected by kV

25
Q

Intensity

A

Amount of radiation in the beam - affected by kV and mAs

26
Q

PCCELA - Pink Camels Collect Extra Large Apples

A

Positioning
Centring
Collimation
Exposure
Labelling
artefacts

27
Q

Right lateral

A

y shaped diaphragm crura

more consistent cardiac silhouette
lees of lung field obstructed by diaphragm

28
Q

Left lateral

A

parallel lung crura

29
Q

Dorsoventral

A

Single smooth hump diaphragm

Heart more cranial and left

30
Q

Ventrodorsal

A

3 diaphragm humps

31
Q

Clock face to locate part of heart affected

A

Aortic arch - 12 o’clock
Main pulmonary trunk - 1
Left auricle - 2
Left ventricle - 4
Right ventricle - 7
Right atrium - 10

32
Q

Normal Heart Size

A

Lateral
- height - 2/3 thorax
- width - 2.5-3.5 intercostal spaces

DV
- max 2/3 width of thorax

33
Q

Vertebral Heart Score

A

VHS = length + width (in intervertebral spaces)

Dog - 8.5-10.5
Cat - 7.5

34
Q

Causes of enlarged heart (5)

A

pericardial effusion - gross enlargement, globoid shape
mitral valve disease - left side atrial enlargement, straightening of caudal margin, trachea displacement
right atrial enlargement - cranial enlargement
right ventricular enlargement - increased sternal contact in lateral view
enlarged vessels - bulge at point of entry

35
Q

Difficulties in interpretation (5)

A

atelectasis - effect of crushing dependant lung in lateral
breed differences
age - thymus
nodules - easily mixed up with end on blood vessels
skin folds - can look like pneumothorax

PCP (10 decks)

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