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PCP > Lameness > Flashcards

Lameness Flashcards

1
Q

impact of cattle lameness

A

welfare
productivity
sustainability

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2
Q

signs of lameness - cattle

A

head bobbing
short stride length
joint position - swing legs out to keep joints straight
uneven stride cadence
arched back
misshapen dew claw

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3
Q

90% rule

A

90% cattle lameness is in the feet
90% of those are hind feet
90% of those are lateral back claw

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4
Q

digital fat pad

A

cushion - shock absorption
local anti-inflammatory mediator

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5
Q

dutch 5 step method

A
  1. toe length
  2. match claws - start medial hind, and later fore
  3. model
  4. create height
  5. investigate/trim loose claw

1-3 in healthy cows
4-5 therapeutic

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6
Q

white line disease - cattle

A

white line- comparatively soft
can travel up coronary band
risk factors - surfaces, horn integrity, stockmanship
treatment - block other claw, remove loose horn, NSAIDs
prevention - good surfaces, good stockmanship, appropriate nutrition

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7
Q

sole ulcers

A

develop over period of weeks
grow from inside out
disruption of horn growth due to point pressure on corium - interrupts blood supply

risk factors - foot trimming, standing time and surfaces, fat mobilisation from digital fat pad (transition from pregnancy to lactation), inflammation
standing times most important factors
should lie down for 14 hours
surfaces - changes distribution of weight on foot
concrete increased caudal lateral weight

treatment - modelling in foot trimming, block

prevention - increased cow comfort (minimised standing times), maximised transitional health, ensure not lame in dry yards, prompt id and treatment, foot trimming technique and strategy

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8
Q

metabolic impact on lameness - cattle

A

fat mobilisation in early lactation
fat mobilised –> thinning digital cushion –> poor shock absorption
fat pad also releases inflammatory mediators - cause more thinning
lame cow also eats less –> BCS down even more

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9
Q

digital dermatitis - cattle

A

multifactorial causes - genetic susceptibility, bacterial, hoof hygiene

risk factors - standing in shit, prior infection (may be chronic)

cycle of infection - active lesion time, healing, chronic, chronic/dormant, non-infected (probably doesn’t often happen)

treatment - if red and hot (Acute, active) then topical treatment, if keratinised (chronic, inactive) then foot bath

prevention - hygiene in cow sheds, increased surface area, control in heifers

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10
Q

foul in the foot/foot rot - cattle

A

bacterial infection
painful, swollen
bad smell
needs skin challenge by some physical trauma to allow bacteria to enter

treatment - NSAIDs, systemic antimicrobials, local treatments

prevention - hygiene, minimise risk of interdigital trauma

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11
Q

other less common lameness causes - cattle

A

heel horn erosion
interdigital hyperplasia
toe lesions
fissures
corkscrew claws
deep digital sepsis

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12
Q

upper lameness differentials - cattle

A

foot and mouth
malignant catarrhal fever
polyarthritis - mycoplasma, joint ill
trauma
iatrogenic - eg from trimming wrong
nutritional
presentation of pain elsewhere - abdominal or respiratory affecting posture

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13
Q

herd level management - cattle lameness

A

breeding - conformation, immune factors
mobility scoring
trimming
foot bathing - 3-4x per week, not too acidic, no more than 200 cows per bath
hoof health assessment
comfort and hygiene scoring
first aid protocols

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14
Q

mobility scoring - cattle

A

0 - great mobility - even weight bearing, long fluid strides
1 - imperfect mobility - uneven steps or short strides
2 - impaired mobility - uneven weight bearing on a limb and shortened strides, immediately identifiable
3 - severely impaired mobility - slower than brisk human pace, lame leg easily identifiable, back arched

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15
Q

hygiene scoring - cattle

A

0 - clean - no dirt or only minor splashing
1 - dirty - area of dirtiness at least palm size
2 - very dirty - area of dirtiness at least forearm length

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16
Q

factors affecting cleanliness - cattle

A

cubicle cleanliness
cubicle comfort
amount and type of bedding
manure consistency and herd health
frequency of alley cleaning, scraping, collecting yard
space allowance per cow
hair on udder

17
Q

sub-solar abscess - horse

A

most common cause of acute lameness
ascending bacterial infection in chorium
grey-black fluid
risk factors - penetration injury, poor foot confirmation, seedy toe, wet muddy conditions, chronic laminitis, PPID
diagnosis - acute unilateral lameness, bounding pulses, heat in hoof, marked pain response to hoof testers
treatment - encourage drainage, don’t use nerve block, poultice, pain relief, tetanus prophylaxis

don’t use antimicrobials unless purulent

18
Q

chronic abscess - horse

A

rupture at coronary band or heel bulb
encourage distal drainage
may need repeat flushing

19
Q

purulent abscess - horse

A

deeper/more sensitive structures involved
radiograph to diagnose
may need more extensive surgery
antimicrobials

20
Q

solar penetrations - horse

A

leave in penetrating object
support leg with bandage/splint
radiograph with object in
may be delay in lameness after removed
sequelae - pedal bone damage, soft tissue damage, synovial infection

broad spectrum antimicrobials, NSAIDs and tetanus prophylaxis

21
Q

hoof trauma - horse

A

foot cast for support, sterility and pain relief

22
Q

fractures/hairline fracture - horse

A

management - stabilise, analgesia, situational awareness, prioritise welfare, potentially euthanasia
pedal bone fracture - can heal
can maybe use plates or surgery
hairline fractures - subtle on radiographs but can be painful and lead to non weight bearing lameness - if too much pain relief horse may make it worse

23
Q

palmar digital nerve block

A

blocks- sole, navicular apparatus, soft tissue of heel, coffin joint, distal DDFT, distal sesamoidean ligament
put in at proximal edge of cartilage of foot, both sides, palmar aspect
2/3 inch needle (25 gauge)
2.5 ml mepivicaine

24
Q

abaxial sesamoid nerve block

A

blocks - foot, middle phalanx, PIPJ, distopalmar aspects of proximal phalanx, distal SDFT and DDFT, distal sesamoidean ligaments, distal annular ligament, fetlock
either side back of fetlock
2/3 inch needle (25 gauge)
2.5 ml mepivicaine

25
Q

coffin joint nerve block

A

blocks - coffin joint, navicular apparatus, branches of palmar digital nerves, tor region of sole
does basically same job as palmar digital
dorsal aspect of foot just above coronary band in the middle
trot up quickly after - otherwise spreads to palmar digital pouch nerves
1.5 inch needle (20 gauge)
5-6 ml mepivicaine

26
Q

navicular bursa nerve block

A

blocks - navicular bursa, navicular bone and associated ligaments, solar toe pain, distal DDFT, does not block coffin joint
used to see if pain is navicular or from coffin joint
trot up after about 10 mins
difficult to do without sedating horse - tough skin - back of heel pointing downwards towards hoof
20 gauge spinal needle

27
Q

digital flexor tendon sheath nerve block

A

blocks - lesions in DFTS and the portion of DDFT distal to sheath
to work out if issue is with the DDFT
1-1.5 inch needle (20 gauge)
use tourniquet, encourages fluid in DFTS to move distal

28
Q

nerve block limitations

A

proximal diffusion
horse may just have warmed out of lameness
general interpretation errors
anaesthetic in wrong place - fascia or synovial structure or blood vessel
mechanical lameness that doesn’t respond to anaesthesia
may only desensitise skin

29
Q

diagnostic imaging - horse lameness

A

prepare foot and foot balance image first

radiograph
- lateromedial - dorso-palmar imbalance
- dorsopalmar - shows it foot not aligned with fetlock
- dorso proximal palmarodistal oblique - cyst like lesions, distal border fragment, lucent zones and medullary sclerosis of navicular bone, fractures, keratomas, or osteitis of pedal bone
- navicular skyline - navicular bone

30
Q

stationary foot observation - horse

A

90% forelimb lameness is in foot

size/shape
hoof pastern angle
coronary band conformation
shoe - type, wear, pattern, position

31
Q

foot palpation - horse

A

coronary band
coffin joint
lateral cartilages
heel bulbs

32
Q

gait assessment - horse

A

firm, flat, non-slip surface
straight line
flexion tests
soft and hard lunge
may need to be ridden

33
Q

flexion test - horse

A

apply stress to region of the limb for set time period then trot off again to see effect on gait
aim to increase potential lameness to make it easier to see
may still respond even if don’t have lameness originally

34
Q

msk evaluation - small animal

A

palpation - swelling, discomfort, muscle asymmetry, wounds
manipulation
gait examination - walk and trot, straight line and turning

35
Q

Scald/Ovine Indigital Dermatitis - Sheep

A

wet conditions
fusebacterium necrophorum
mild and transient lameness
no horn involvement
associated with foot rot

36
Q

foot rot - sheep

A

90% of lameness
dichelobacter nodusus - but needs fusebacterium necrophorum to facilitate skin invasion
requires devitalised skin
severe lameness
often recumbent - reduced feeding time
moist, red, swollen skin between claws
separation of hoof wall
usually affects multiple feet
can lead to fly strike

37
Q

Contagious Ovine Digital Dermatitis - Sheep

A

CODD
treponeme spp.
linked to foot rot
severe lameness
usually one claw of one foot
ulcers at coronary band with under run hoof
can lead to whole foot avulsion
graded - 1-5
NSAIDs and antibiotics

38
Q

white line separation - sheep

A

often individuals rather than whole flock
multiple causes - stony ground, nutritional
“shelley hoof”
separation of hoof wall from underlying tissues
can lead to abscess

39
Q

toe granuloma - sheep

A

painful red swellings
caused by over trimming, chemical irritation, or chronic untreated lesions

PCP (10 decks)

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