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PCP > Cardiorespiratory Disease > Flashcards

Cardiorespiratory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

PQRST wave

A

QRS - ventricular depolarisation
T - ventricular repolarisation

normal - regular rhythm, P for every QRS

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2
Q

sinus arrhythmia

A

irregular pace but in time with breathing

HR up when breathing in - stimulates vagus nerve - common and normal

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3
Q

1st degree A-V block

A

P with no QRS

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4
Q

2nd degree A-V block

A

QRS with no P

pause between beats with S4 sound in pause

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5
Q

3rd degree A-V block

A

regular rhythm but QRS slower than P so gets out of sync

normal atrial contraction sound with slower ventricular bear

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6
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

high rate, squiggly line, no regular pattern

rapid irregular beat - bongo sounds
common cause of poor performance in horses

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7
Q

heart failure

A

when the heart can no longer meet the metabolic needs of the body

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8
Q

common breed heart problems

A

corgi - patent ductus arteriosus
kcc - mitral valve disease
male cats - HCM
female cats - PDA

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9
Q

heart disease signs

A

non-specific
exercise intolerance
weakness
syncope/presyncope
cyanosis
coughing
paresis
neurological signs - blindness
shifting lameness (endocarditis)

heart failure - tachypnoea, weight loss, swollen abdomen, peripheral oedema

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10
Q

heart disease exam

A

BCS
RR and effort
ascites
distended jugular - right sided heart disease
pulsating jugular
peripheral oedema

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11
Q

exam - mm

A

pale - shock, vasoconstriction
slow CRT - poor CO
cyanosis - right-to-left shunt
- 3 types - body wide, differential (head membranes normal, caudal pale), peripheral (only affecting certain regions)

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12
Q

exam - jugular

A

pulsating - eg arrhythmia
tricuspid regurgitation - back flow of blood up vena cava
collapsed right atrium - pericardial effusion
distension - elevated systemic venous pressure

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13
Q

exam - auscultation

A

both sides at apex and base
heart murmur
gallop rhythm
arrhythmia
HR
all lung fields
compare dorsal and ventral
muffled sounds
crackles

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14
Q

exam - palpation

A

apex - should not be prominent on right
thrill
compression - decreased compressibility in cats with heart disease

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15
Q

Abdominal examination

A

palpation - ascites, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, pain
hepatojugular reflex - blood flow up jugular when squeeze under ribs - high right side filling pressure

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16
Q

exam - arterial pulse

A

femoral - does it match HR
pulsus alternas - alternating weak and strong - myocardial failure
pulsus paradoxus - decreased pulse quality on inspiration - pericardial effusion

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17
Q

Gallop rhythm

A

extra sounds - S3 and/or S4

S3 - early diastolic filling - systolic dysfunction
S4 - atrial contration - forced atrial ejection of blood

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18
Q

Heart murmur

A

systole - between lub and dub
dyastole - between dub and lub
continuous - both/all the time

turbulent flow over an obstruction

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19
Q

heart murmur - grading

A

1 - barely audible
2 - audible but quieter than heart sounds
3 - clearly audible and loud as heart sounds
4 - louder than heart sounds
5 - thrill present
6 - audible with stethoscope lifted off chest

20
Q

apical systolic murmurs

A

left side - mitral regurgitation - DCM or myxomatous mitral valve disease
right side - tricuspid regurgitation - tricuspid vlave dysplasia, pulmonary hypertension, degeneration of valve
musical/whooping sound

21
Q

basilar systolic murmurs

A

under axilla
harsh sound

22
Q

innocent/functional murmurs

A

innocent - in puppies/kittens - resolves on its own
functional - as side effect of another disease process

23
Q

diastolic murmurs

A

aortic regurgitation - heart base, quiet
pulmonic regurgitation - uncommon, left base of heart
mitral stenosis - rare, left apex
continuous - PDA

24
Q

heart murmur investigation

A

BP
bloods - CBC, Biochem, electrolytes, NT-proBNP, cardiac troponin 1

25
Q

Acquired heart disease

A

mitral valve disease (dogs) - thickened mitral valve, dilated left atrium and ventricle, bowing of interarticular and intraventricular septums
DCM (cats)
pericardial effusion (dogs)
HCM (cats) - LV hypertrophy, slightly dilated LA, mitral regurgitation
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (Cats)
restrictive cardiomyopathy (cats)

26
Q

Normal heart sounds

A

S1 - atrial filling - closure of mitral and tricuspid - start of systole - QRS
S2 - ventricular emptying - aortic valves close - start of diastole - T
S3 - blood from atria to ventricles - P (inaudible)
S4 - slowing of blood with atrial contraction - T (inaudible)

27
Q

systole and diastole

A

systole = ventricular contraction (blood out)
diastole = ventricular relaxation (blood in)

28
Q

gallop rhythm

A

3 sounds
abnormal in dogs and cats

29
Q

indications for endoscopy

A

cough
difficulty breathing after exercise
snotty or bleeding nose
abnormal breathing sounds
poor performance

30
Q

endoscope controls

A

up/down lock - has an F on it
left/right direction lock - smaller
water/air suction for clearing lens - blue
suction valve - red

31
Q

tracheal aspirate

A

tracheal and tracheobronchial changes

pros - quick, easy, less invasive and well tolerated, bacteriology, visual assessment
cons - lack of specificity for lower airway inflammation, normal cell counts vary between horses

32
Q

bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)

A

assessment of lower airway inflammation

pros - cytology, cheap and equipment easily available
cons - can’t use for bacteriology, more invasive (sedation), more technically challenging, causes transient inflammation

33
Q

eupnoea

A

normal respiration

34
Q

tachypnoea

A

increased rate

35
Q

apnoea

A

no respiration

36
Q

dyspnoea

A

sensation of difficult or laboured breathing - use increased respiratory effort instead

37
Q

hypo/hyperventilation

A

alterations to ventilation at alveolar level

38
Q

changes to respiratory pattern

A

variations in tidal volume
engaging of extra-thoracic muscles
increased abdominal effort
forced
nasal flaring
posture
open mouth breathing
neck stretching and abduction of elbow

39
Q

upper tract obstruction

A

increased inspiratory effort

inspiratory stridor and stertor

40
Q

lower tract obstruction

A

increased expiratory effort

early collapse during expiration

41
Q

stridor

A

wheezing/whistle sound

42
Q

stertor

A

lower pitched gurgling noise

43
Q

nasal discharge

A

serous - allergic rhinitis, acute inflammation, viral infection
mucoid - chronic disease
purulent - bacterial infection
haemorrhagic - traume, clotting disorder, vascular disase
mucopurulent - secondary infection
mixed - inflammation + mucosal haemorrhage + secondary infection

LRT - unilateral
URT - bilateral

44
Q

Coughing

A

URT - harsh dry cough, often productive - trachieitis or tracheobronchitis (eg kennal cough)
LRT - soft, chesty cough - lower airway inflammation or pneumonia, can be cardiogenic

45
Q

Lung auscultation

A

wheezing - air passing through narrowed airways
crackles - air passing through fluid
dull/absent - no air movement
pleural rubs - friction between pleural surfaces

PCP (10 decks)

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