Repro 1, 2 and 3 Flashcards
What are the different causes of sexual differentiation?
Chromosomal
Gonad
Hormonal profile
Tubular genitalia
External genitalia
What are the three categories of disorders of sexual development?
Abnormal or missing chromosome
DSD with normal female karyotype
DSD with normal male karyotype
What causes Turner syndrome?
What causes Klinefelter’s syndrome?
Turners syndrome- XO or XXX- females with severe ovarian dysgenesis, hypoplasia and immature repro tract
Klinefelters syndrome- XXY- males with testicular hypoplasia
What is XX DSD?
What is XY DSD?
XX DSD- XX SRY negative, ovotesticular, true hermaphrodite, phenotypical female with masculinisation
XY DSD-
SRY-positive, testicular DSD with female phenotype
SRY-positive, testicular DSD with male phenotype
What is freemartinism?
Form of ovarian dysgenesis in cattle
Sterile female twin from a set of heterozygotic twins
Fusion of placental vessels + sharing of blood during early embryonic development
Testis determining factor, anti-Mullerian hormone- ovarian inhibition of female
What are the two ovarian circulatory disorders?
Intrafollicular haemorrhage-
physiological haemorrhage during ovulation
very occasionally severe even lethal
Traumatic haemorrhage-
due to manual enucleation of CL or cysts
What does this image show?
Enucleation haemorrhage
Haemorrhage following enucleation of corpus luteum
Blood clot in the ovarian bursa
Large blood clot containing an enucleated corpus luteum located near the cervix
How do follicular cysts arise in cattle?
What can happen as a result?
Arise from secondary follicles that fail to ovulate, involute or lutenise
Failure in LH releasing during oestrus
Common in cattle
Seqelae-
non-cyclic oestrogen secretion is possible
continuous oestrus, cystic endometrial hyperplasia
Multiple cysts can cause hyperestrogenism- nymphomania
Where are the three tissues primary ovarian neoplasms can originate from?
Surface epithelium
Ovarian stroma
Ovarian germ cells
What are the two neoplasms originating from the surface epithelium of the ovary?
Papillary cystadenoma-
most common in bitches
Papillary cystadenocarcinoma
occurs in older bitches
invasive growth- implantation on peritoneum, invasion and obstruction
can lead to ascites
What tumour can arise from the stroma of the ovary?
What species are they common in?
What can they cause?
Describe the histology
Granulosa cell tumour
Common in cows and older bitches
Cow- usually benign- secretion of progesterone, oestradiol and/or testosterone
Dogs/cats- are often associated with hyperoestrogenism
Histology- follicular structure and centrally cystic
What is the tumour that can arise from the ovary germ cells?
Dysgerminoma-
older bitches, female to testicular seminoma, can metastasise
Teratoma-
uncommon- mainly bitch
Arise from multipotential cells that produce tissues from 2 or 3 embryological layers- can be bone, cartilage, skin etc
What are the 3 different acquired abnormalities of the fallopian tubes
Hydrosalpinx- clear fluid in the tubes due to obstruction either at abdominal or uterine ostium
Salpingitis- inflammation due to ascending infection
Pyosalpinx- pus in tubes
What are the three uterus deplacements?
Torsion- usually gravid uterus
with relaxation of uterine bands and foetal movements
cattle- whole organ- congestion/death
Uterine prolapse
Rupture
What causes endometrial hyperplasia?
What are the different types and what causes them?
Endometrial hyperplasia- the result of excessive/prolonged female hormonal stimulation
Oestrogen mediated- prolonged non-cyclic oestrogen
hypertrophy of myometrium, hyperplasia of endometrium, hydrometra
Progesterone- bitches, retained CL
predisposes to infection and pyometra
What do the following terms mean?:
Endometritis
Metritis
Perimetritis
Panmetritis
Endometritis- inside
Metritis- involvement of myometrium
Perimetritis- outside
Panmetritis- throughout
What can cause a pyometra in a cow?
What different agents are more likely to cause it?
What can cause a pyometra in a mare?
COW
Persistent CL due to failure of PGF2 alpha- continued progesterone secretion and decreased myometrial contraction with closed cervix
Agents- tritrichomonas fetus spp veneralis
MARE
Postpartum infection independent of persistent CL
What are the different primary tumours of the uterus?
Leiomyoma- arising from the smooth muscles of the myometrium
most frequent uterine neoplasm in bitch/cat
Adenocarcinoma-
frequent in older rabbits
What uterine primary neoplasm is this histological image of?
Uterine adenocarcinoma
What is abortion, stillbirth and when does mummification occur?
When does maceration of the foetus occur?
Abortion- the expulsion of embryo/foetus before an age when it could survive
Stillbirth- the expulsion of the dead foetus at an age when it could have survived
Mummification- occurs in absence of uterine infection
Maceration- intrauterine infection
What notifiable disease can cause abortion in cattle?
How does it appear histologically?
Brucellosis- brucella abortus
Odesa of foetal membranes, necrotic cotyledons, thickened intercotyledonary membranes with yellowish, gelatinous fluid
Foetuses with serosanguinous fluid in subcut tissue and body cavities
What can campylobacteriosis cause in a gravid uterus of cattle and sheep?
Abortion
Necrotic coytledons
What bacterial abortive agent can be stained with Ziehl-Nielsen
Chlamydia abortus/psittaci
Late abortions, premature lambing
similar to brucellosis- necrotic cotyledons
What protozoan infections can cause abortion?
Neospora caninum- cattle
Aborted foetus- focal non-suppurative encephalitis, myocarditis
Toxoplasmosis-
sheep goats, late gestation
frosted strawberries
What are the different effects of BVDV when infected at different times in gravid uterus?
1st trimester- abortion or mummification
Late 1st to early 3rd-
Congenital defects- microencephalopathy
What causes border disease virus?
How do surviving lambs appear?
Ovine pestivirus- closely related to BVDV
Congenital abnormalities of surviving lambs- hypomyelinogenesis and growth of hair instead of wool (hairy shakers)
What can cause abortion and pregnancy failure in horses?
Equine herpesvirus 1
What are the three porcine reproductive viruses?
Porcine- parvovirus- important cause of SMEDI
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome- PRRS- artevirus, umbilical arteritis
Porcine circovirus 2- virus replicated in fetal lymphoid tissues and causes death
What are the three causes of vaginitis?
Bovine herpesvirus- 1
Equine herpesvirus- 2
Trypanosome equiperdum
What are the three primary tumours of the vagina?
Leiomyoma-
most often in middle-aged bitches, single or multiple, derived from smooth muscle cells of the vaginal wall
Fibroma-
Transmissible venereal tumour- bitch- rapid growth, regression
What can predispose cows to mastitis?
High incidence of trauma to orifice, sphincter, streak of canal of teat
Structural factors
Orifices of teat, streak canal- lined by squamous epithelium, trauma may cause break down
What are the different agents of streptococcal and staphylococcal mastitis?
Strep agalactiae- mammary gland sole habitat
Strep dysgalactiae, uberis- environmental
Staphylococcal- aureus, intermedius, hyicus
Gangrenous mastitis- blue, cold
What causes coliform ‘toxic’ mastitis?
Primary- e.coli
Secondary- enterobacter, klebsiella, citrobacter, serratia
Macroscopic- massive oedema, haemorrhage
Histology- necrosis, oedema of septal tissue
What causes summer mastitis?
Trueperalla pyogenes
What are the different primary benign neoplasms of the mammary glands?
Adenoma- well-differentiated luminal epithelial cells
Complex adenoma- two cell types- luminal epithelium and myoepithelial cells
can be epithelial, connective cartilage
What are the different malignant mammary tumours?
Non-infiltrating carcinoma- histological features of malignancy
Complex carcinoma- features of malignancy
Simple- as adenoma but malignancy features
Tubulopapillary carcinoma- formation of tubules and/or papillary projections
Solid carcinoma- arrangement of tumour cells in solid sheets, cords or nests
Anaplastic carcinoma- highly infiltrative
What is feline mammary hypertrophy
Hormonally induced proliferation of primarily intralobular ducts within a proliferative oedematous fibrous stroma
Non-encapsulated, one or several mammary glands, benign, rapid growth
What are the different cell types of the testicles?
Germ cells- arranged in seminiferous tubules- spermatogenesis
Interstitial cells- produce androgens
Sertoli cells
What are the two anomalies of the development of testes?
Testicular hypoplasia- occurs in most species, lack of spermatogenesis
Cryptorchidism- incomplete descent of testis (abdominal or inguinal), prone to torsion, increased tumours
What can cause testicular atrophy?
Trauma
Compression
Circulatory disorders
Inflammation
Infection
Nutritional deficiencies
Hyperthermia
Ionising radiation
Hyperoestrogenism
Pituitrary alterations- hypopituitarism
What usually causes inflammation of the testes?
What agent and ROI?
Usually due to infection
Purulent often due to streptococci, E.coli
ROI-
haematogenous-metastatic
ascending infection
external wounds
What agents cause orchitis and epididymides in horse, sheep, dog and cattle?
Horse- salmonella abortus equi
Sheep- corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Brucella Ovis
Dog- E.coli, brucella canis
Cattle- brucellosis, tuberculosis, chronic inflammation
What are the types of testicular tumours of dogs?
Seminoma
Sertoli cell tumour
Interstitial cell tumour
Teratoma- not dogs
What is seminoma derived from?
How does it appear?
Does it metastasise?
Derived from germ cells
Firm, bulging, white to pale grey
It May become quite large
Metastases are rare
What is a Sertoli cell tumour derived from?
How does it grossly appear?
What else can Sertoli cell tumours cause?
Derived from supporting cells of seminiferous tubules
Common especially increased in cryptorchid testes
Bulging, whitish-grey cut surface
Metastases rare
Signs of feminisation =25% (oestrogen or reduced testosterone)
Bilateral alopecia, cutaneous hyperpigmentation, atrophy of opposite testis, the attraction of male dogs, bone marrow suppression
What does an interstitial cell tumour arise from?
How does it grossly appear?
Derived from interstitial cells surrounding seminiferous tubules
Soft, yellow to orange, well-demarcated, bulging cut surface, often with haemorrhage and cystic spaces
What are the 4 types of non-neoplastic diseases of the prostate?
Atrophy- castration, oestrogen administration
Squamous metaplasia- chronic infection
Prostatitis- dogs
Prostatic hyperplasia- common in older dogs, diffuse expansion of the gland, often with cyst formation
What is the most common prostatic tumours?
Adenocarcinoma or non-differentiated carcinoma
What are the following types of inflammation?
Phalloposthitis
Balanoposthitis
Phalloposthitis- entire penis and prepuce
Balanoposthitis- glans penis and prepuce
What causes fibropapilloma in bulls?
Bovine papilloma virus type 1
What neoplasm commonly affects stallion penis?
Squamous cell papilloma
benign
Other than squamous cell papillomas, what other benign neoplasm can affect stallions penis?
Sarcoids- bovine papilloma virus type 1
What are the malignant tumours of the stallion’s penis?
Squamous cell carcinoma- most often glans penis
Often superficially ulcerated and necrotic
A 12-year-old bitch 4 weeks post-season with depression and lethargy, PU/PD with vaginal discharge
Describe gross lesion
Organ- uterus
Location- both horns and body
Distribution- diffuse
Size- enlargement
Shape- conforms to the shape of the uterus
Colour- dark/red/brown
Consistency- liquid exudate
9 year old was spayed and had enlarged ovary
Give a gross description
On histology- there was no normal ovarian tissue (developing follicles or stromal cells) with a tubular pattern and the present cells appear with lipid vacuoles?
What is the diagnosis?
Why is the dog displaying behaviour changes?
Organ- ovary
Location- cortex and medulla
Distribution- focal
Size- 6x3cm
Shape- multinodular mass with multifocal cystic spaces
Colour- pale tan, haemorrhagic contents
Consistency- firm
Cells producing hormone-lipid vacuoles- behaviour changes
Ovary- granulosa cell tumour
Describe the gross changes from this testis?
On low power histology, the lesion is well demarcated
On high power, there is a diffuse sheet of neoplastic cells with lymphocytes surrounding
What is the diagnosis?
Organ- testicle
Location- parenchyma
Distribution- focal
Size- x2x2cm
Shape- irregular, nodular
Colour- pale tan
Consistency- soft to firm
Diagnosis- seminoma tumour
