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Year 3 Pathology > Repro 1, 2 and 3 > Flashcards

Repro 1, 2 and 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different causes of sexual differentiation?

A

Chromosomal

Gonad

Hormonal profile

Tubular genitalia

External genitalia

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2
Q

What are the three categories of disorders of sexual development?

A

Abnormal or missing chromosome

DSD with normal female karyotype

DSD with normal male karyotype

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3
Q

What causes Turner syndrome?

What causes Klinefelter’s syndrome?

A

Turners syndrome- XO or XXX- females with severe ovarian dysgenesis, hypoplasia and immature repro tract

Klinefelters syndrome- XXY- males with testicular hypoplasia

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4
Q

What is XX DSD?

What is XY DSD?

A

XX DSD- XX SRY negative, ovotesticular, true hermaphrodite, phenotypical female with masculinisation

XY DSD-
SRY-positive, testicular DSD with female phenotype
SRY-positive, testicular DSD with male phenotype

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5
Q

What is freemartinism?

A

Form of ovarian dysgenesis in cattle

Sterile female twin from a set of heterozygotic twins

Fusion of placental vessels + sharing of blood during early embryonic development

Testis determining factor, anti-Mullerian hormone- ovarian inhibition of female

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6
Q

What are the two ovarian circulatory disorders?

A

Intrafollicular haemorrhage-
physiological haemorrhage during ovulation
very occasionally severe even lethal

Traumatic haemorrhage-
due to manual enucleation of CL or cysts

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7
Q

What does this image show?

A

Enucleation haemorrhage

Haemorrhage following enucleation of corpus luteum

Blood clot in the ovarian bursa
Large blood clot containing an enucleated corpus luteum located near the cervix

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8
Q

How do follicular cysts arise in cattle?

What can happen as a result?

A

Arise from secondary follicles that fail to ovulate, involute or lutenise
Failure in LH releasing during oestrus

Common in cattle

Seqelae-
non-cyclic oestrogen secretion is possible
continuous oestrus, cystic endometrial hyperplasia
Multiple cysts can cause hyperestrogenism- nymphomania

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9
Q

Where are the three tissues primary ovarian neoplasms can originate from?

A

Surface epithelium

Ovarian stroma

Ovarian germ cells

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10
Q

What are the two neoplasms originating from the surface epithelium of the ovary?

A

Papillary cystadenoma-
most common in bitches

Papillary cystadenocarcinoma
occurs in older bitches
invasive growth- implantation on peritoneum, invasion and obstruction
can lead to ascites

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11
Q

What tumour can arise from the stroma of the ovary?

What species are they common in?

What can they cause?

Describe the histology

A

Granulosa cell tumour

Common in cows and older bitches

Cow- usually benign- secretion of progesterone, oestradiol and/or testosterone

Dogs/cats- are often associated with hyperoestrogenism

Histology- follicular structure and centrally cystic

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12
Q

What is the tumour that can arise from the ovary germ cells?

A

Dysgerminoma-
older bitches, female to testicular seminoma, can metastasise

Teratoma-
uncommon- mainly bitch
Arise from multipotential cells that produce tissues from 2 or 3 embryological layers- can be bone, cartilage, skin etc

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13
Q

What are the 3 different acquired abnormalities of the fallopian tubes

A

Hydrosalpinx- clear fluid in the tubes due to obstruction either at abdominal or uterine ostium

Salpingitis- inflammation due to ascending infection

Pyosalpinx- pus in tubes

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14
Q

What are the three uterus deplacements?

A

Torsion- usually gravid uterus
with relaxation of uterine bands and foetal movements
cattle- whole organ- congestion/death

Uterine prolapse

Rupture

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15
Q

What causes endometrial hyperplasia?

What are the different types and what causes them?

A

Endometrial hyperplasia- the result of excessive/prolonged female hormonal stimulation

Oestrogen mediated- prolonged non-cyclic oestrogen
hypertrophy of myometrium, hyperplasia of endometrium, hydrometra

Progesterone- bitches, retained CL
predisposes to infection and pyometra

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16
Q

What do the following terms mean?:

Endometritis

Metritis

Perimetritis

Panmetritis

A

Endometritis- inside

Metritis- involvement of myometrium

Perimetritis- outside

Panmetritis- throughout

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17
Q

What can cause a pyometra in a cow?

What different agents are more likely to cause it?

What can cause a pyometra in a mare?

A

COW
Persistent CL due to failure of PGF2 alpha- continued progesterone secretion and decreased myometrial contraction with closed cervix

Agents- tritrichomonas fetus spp veneralis

MARE
Postpartum infection independent of persistent CL

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

What are the different primary tumours of the uterus?

A

Leiomyoma- arising from the smooth muscles of the myometrium
most frequent uterine neoplasm in bitch/cat

Adenocarcinoma-
frequent in older rabbits

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20
Q

What uterine primary neoplasm is this histological image of?

A

Uterine adenocarcinoma

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21
Q

What is abortion, stillbirth and when does mummification occur?

When does maceration of the foetus occur?

A

Abortion- the expulsion of embryo/foetus before an age when it could survive

Stillbirth- the expulsion of the dead foetus at an age when it could have survived

Mummification- occurs in absence of uterine infection

Maceration- intrauterine infection

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

What notifiable disease can cause abortion in cattle?

How does it appear histologically?

A

Brucellosis- brucella abortus

Odesa of foetal membranes, necrotic cotyledons, thickened intercotyledonary membranes with yellowish, gelatinous fluid

Foetuses with serosanguinous fluid in subcut tissue and body cavities

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24
Q

What can campylobacteriosis cause in a gravid uterus of cattle and sheep?

A

Abortion

Necrotic coytledons

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25
Q

What bacterial abortive agent can be stained with Ziehl-Nielsen

A

Chlamydia abortus/psittaci

Late abortions, premature lambing

similar to brucellosis- necrotic cotyledons

26
Q

What protozoan infections can cause abortion?

A

Neospora caninum- cattle
Aborted foetus- focal non-suppurative encephalitis, myocarditis

Toxoplasmosis-
sheep goats, late gestation
frosted strawberries

27
Q

What are the different effects of BVDV when infected at different times in gravid uterus?

A

1st trimester- abortion or mummification

Late 1st to early 3rd-
Congenital defects- microencephalopathy

28
Q

What causes border disease virus?

How do surviving lambs appear?

A

Ovine pestivirus- closely related to BVDV

Congenital abnormalities of surviving lambs- hypomyelinogenesis and growth of hair instead of wool (hairy shakers)

29
Q

What can cause abortion and pregnancy failure in horses?

A

Equine herpesvirus 1

30
Q

What are the three porcine reproductive viruses?

A

Porcine- parvovirus- important cause of SMEDI

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome- PRRS- artevirus, umbilical arteritis

Porcine circovirus 2- virus replicated in fetal lymphoid tissues and causes death

31
Q

What are the three causes of vaginitis?

A

Bovine herpesvirus- 1

Equine herpesvirus- 2

Trypanosome equiperdum

32
Q
A
33
Q

What are the three primary tumours of the vagina?

A

Leiomyoma-
most often in middle-aged bitches, single or multiple, derived from smooth muscle cells of the vaginal wall

Fibroma-

Transmissible venereal tumour- bitch- rapid growth, regression

34
Q

What can predispose cows to mastitis?

A

High incidence of trauma to orifice, sphincter, streak of canal of teat

Structural factors

Orifices of teat, streak canal- lined by squamous epithelium, trauma may cause break down

35
Q

What are the different agents of streptococcal and staphylococcal mastitis?

A

Strep agalactiae- mammary gland sole habitat

Strep dysgalactiae, uberis- environmental

Staphylococcal- aureus, intermedius, hyicus
Gangrenous mastitis- blue, cold

36
Q

What causes coliform ‘toxic’ mastitis?

A

Primary- e.coli

Secondary- enterobacter, klebsiella, citrobacter, serratia

Macroscopic- massive oedema, haemorrhage

Histology- necrosis, oedema of septal tissue

37
Q

What causes summer mastitis?

A

Trueperalla pyogenes

38
Q

What are the different primary benign neoplasms of the mammary glands?

A

Adenoma- well-differentiated luminal epithelial cells

Complex adenoma- two cell types- luminal epithelium and myoepithelial cells
can be epithelial, connective cartilage

39
Q

What are the different malignant mammary tumours?

A

Non-infiltrating carcinoma- histological features of malignancy

Complex carcinoma- features of malignancy

Simple- as adenoma but malignancy features

Tubulopapillary carcinoma- formation of tubules and/or papillary projections

Solid carcinoma- arrangement of tumour cells in solid sheets, cords or nests

Anaplastic carcinoma- highly infiltrative

40
Q

What is feline mammary hypertrophy

A

Hormonally induced proliferation of primarily intralobular ducts within a proliferative oedematous fibrous stroma

Non-encapsulated, one or several mammary glands, benign, rapid growth

41
Q

What are the different cell types of the testicles?

A

Germ cells- arranged in seminiferous tubules- spermatogenesis

Interstitial cells- produce androgens

Sertoli cells

42
Q

What are the two anomalies of the development of testes?

A

Testicular hypoplasia- occurs in most species, lack of spermatogenesis

Cryptorchidism- incomplete descent of testis (abdominal or inguinal), prone to torsion, increased tumours

43
Q

What can cause testicular atrophy?

A

Trauma
Compression
Circulatory disorders
Inflammation
Infection
Nutritional deficiencies
Hyperthermia
Ionising radiation
Hyperoestrogenism
Pituitrary alterations- hypopituitarism

44
Q

What usually causes inflammation of the testes?

What agent and ROI?

A

Usually due to infection

Purulent often due to streptococci, E.coli

ROI-
haematogenous-metastatic
ascending infection
external wounds

45
Q

What agents cause orchitis and epididymides in horse, sheep, dog and cattle?

A

Horse- salmonella abortus equi

Sheep- corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Brucella Ovis

Dog- E.coli, brucella canis

Cattle- brucellosis, tuberculosis, chronic inflammation

46
Q

What are the types of testicular tumours of dogs?

A

Seminoma

Sertoli cell tumour

Interstitial cell tumour

Teratoma- not dogs

47
Q

What is seminoma derived from?

How does it appear?

Does it metastasise?

A

Derived from germ cells

Firm, bulging, white to pale grey

It May become quite large

Metastases are rare

48
Q
A
49
Q

What is a Sertoli cell tumour derived from?

How does it grossly appear?

What else can Sertoli cell tumours cause?

A

Derived from supporting cells of seminiferous tubules

Common especially increased in cryptorchid testes

Bulging, whitish-grey cut surface
Metastases rare

Signs of feminisation =25% (oestrogen or reduced testosterone)

Bilateral alopecia, cutaneous hyperpigmentation, atrophy of opposite testis, the attraction of male dogs, bone marrow suppression

50
Q

What does an interstitial cell tumour arise from?

How does it grossly appear?

A

Derived from interstitial cells surrounding seminiferous tubules

Soft, yellow to orange, well-demarcated, bulging cut surface, often with haemorrhage and cystic spaces

51
Q

What are the 4 types of non-neoplastic diseases of the prostate?

A

Atrophy- castration, oestrogen administration

Squamous metaplasia- chronic infection

Prostatitis- dogs

Prostatic hyperplasia- common in older dogs, diffuse expansion of the gland, often with cyst formation

52
Q

What is the most common prostatic tumours?

A

Adenocarcinoma or non-differentiated carcinoma

53
Q

What are the following types of inflammation?

Phalloposthitis

Balanoposthitis

A

Phalloposthitis- entire penis and prepuce

Balanoposthitis- glans penis and prepuce

54
Q

What causes fibropapilloma in bulls?

A

Bovine papilloma virus type 1

55
Q

What neoplasm commonly affects stallion penis?

A

Squamous cell papilloma
benign

56
Q

Other than squamous cell papillomas, what other benign neoplasm can affect stallions penis?

A

Sarcoids- bovine papilloma virus type 1

57
Q

What are the malignant tumours of the stallion’s penis?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma- most often glans penis

Often superficially ulcerated and necrotic

58
Q

A 12-year-old bitch 4 weeks post-season with depression and lethargy, PU/PD with vaginal discharge

Describe gross lesion

A

Organ- uterus

Location- both horns and body

Distribution- diffuse

Size- enlargement

Shape- conforms to the shape of the uterus

Colour- dark/red/brown

Consistency- liquid exudate

59
Q

9 year old was spayed and had enlarged ovary

Give a gross description

On histology- there was no normal ovarian tissue (developing follicles or stromal cells) with a tubular pattern and the present cells appear with lipid vacuoles?

What is the diagnosis?

Why is the dog displaying behaviour changes?

A

Organ- ovary

Location- cortex and medulla

Distribution- focal

Size- 6x3cm

Shape- multinodular mass with multifocal cystic spaces

Colour- pale tan, haemorrhagic contents

Consistency- firm

Cells producing hormone-lipid vacuoles- behaviour changes
Ovary- granulosa cell tumour

60
Q

Describe the gross changes from this testis?

On low power histology, the lesion is well demarcated

On high power, there is a diffuse sheet of neoplastic cells with lymphocytes surrounding

What is the diagnosis?

A

Organ- testicle
Location- parenchyma
Distribution- focal
Size- x2x2cm
Shape- irregular, nodular
Colour- pale tan
Consistency- soft to firm

Diagnosis- seminoma tumour

Year 3 Pathology (21 decks)

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