Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 3 Pathology > Introduction, Necropsy and Morphological Diagnosis > Flashcards

Introduction, Necropsy and Morphological Diagnosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is pathology?

A

Scientific study and diagnosis of disease which defines aetiology, developments, processes and consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do the following words mean: Aetiology, Pathogenesis?

A

Aetiology- causes of disease
Pathogenesis- developments of a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 5 point summaries of the key findings with morphological diagnosis?

A

1) Severity- mild, moderate
2) Duration-actue, subacute
3) Distribution- focal, multifocal
4) Process- necrotising, fibrinous
5) Diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 5 components to describing inflammation?

A

a) degree
b) duration
c) distribution
d) type of inflammation/other modifier
e) organ-itis
e. g severe chronic diffuse purulent laryngitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Generally how long does the classification of inflammation duration last?

A

Peracute- minutes to hours

Acute- hours to days

Subacute- serveral days to many

Chronic- many days to weeks, months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do the following suffixs mean?

itis

osis

opathy

A

itis- inflammation

osis- non-inflammatory lesion which results in tissue damage

opathy- problem or lesion in an organ but pathogenesis is not clear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is a gross description formed?

think pathology practicals

A

Location

Distribution

Size

Shape

Colour

Consistency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the different causes of abnormal post-mortems?

A

Pathological

Agonal

PM change

Euthanasia effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are agonal changes?

A

Develop immediatley before death during cardiovascular changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some examples of agonoal changes?

A

Passive congestion
Pulmonary oedema
Pulmonary emphysema
Stomach contents within oesophagus
Haemorrhage
Intestinal intussusception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why does passive congestion and pulmonary oedema occur as an agonal change?

A

Passive congestion- CV output failure- reduced venous returns to heart

Pulmonary oedema- increasing intravascular pressure due to agonal impairment of venous blood return (fluid leaks out of pulmonary capillaries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why does pulmonary emphysema and intestinal intussuseption occur as an agonal change?

A

Pulmonary emphysema- excess air- due to laboured breathing during agonal period, passive exhaling doesn’t clea same volume of air so residual remains in alveolar space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are examples of post-moretem changes and what does the change depend on?

A

Autolysis/growth of bacteria, colour changes, changes in texture, tissue detachment, damage to cadaver

Depends on- tissue of origin, temperature, thickness of fleece/blubber, bacterial flora, time span

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some euthanasia effects?

A

Effects induced by barbiturate/pentobarbitone

Crystal formation on serosa/endothelium- usually in thoracic cavity/cardiac chamber

Complete necrosis of parenchyma- lungs and myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some common colour PM changes and briefly explain them?

A

Dark red- hypostatic congestion- gravity draws blood

Diffuse reddish stain- haemoglobin imbibition- Hb released by RBC breakdown

Greenish yellowish- bile staining near gall bladder

Green-black- H2S (enteric bacteria) react with haemoglobin producing sulfmethaemoglobin

17
Q

Which of these is the odd one out and why?

Can you name each of the reasons for the abnormal PM?

A

A is the odd one out as it is a euthanasia effect, the rest are post-mortem changes

a) crystal formations from the euthanasia drug
b) hypostatic congestion
c) haemoglobin imbition
d) reaction of H2S bacteria with haemoglobin
e) Bile staining

18
Q

What changes in texture can occur from PM changes and can you explain them?

A

Eye- Corneal opacity- reduced ocular turgor

Gas formation- liver, GI tract- bacteria proliferate

Putrefaction- carcasses bloating due to gas formation from bacterial formation

Softening of organs- more noticable in solid organs- depends on concentration of proteolytic enzymes

Rigor mortis- 6-8 hours, depletion of ATP

PM clots- not thrombi- easily removed, red clots, white clots

Drying out- mummification

19
Q

Why is gas formation and putrefaction enhanced in carcasses?

What textural change can be used to estimate PM interval?

A

An increase in speed of the autolytic processes

Changes in texture of the eye- corneal opacity, reduced ocular turgor

20
Q

What changes in tissue detachment can occur in PM?

A

Mucosa detachment

Epilation of hair

21
Q

What can cause cadaver damage?

A

Handling artefacts

Scavenging by wild animals

Freezing/thawing artefacts- diffuse red/pink colour

22
Q

How can you minimise PM changes?

A

Cool carcass immediatley after death and avoid freezing

23
Q

Can you explain this PM change?

A
24
Q

What is a morphological diagnosis?

A

In a unique sentence, a summary of all changes oberved and their interpretation

25
Q

How should you describe a gross photo?

A

Identify the organ
Identify the anatomical sub-location
Identify the distribution of lesions
Take notes on the size of lesions
Describe shape and contours of lesion
Describe consistency

26
Q

What are the different words for describing distribution of lesions?

A

Multifocal- lots of seperate lesions
Multifocal to coalesing- lots of seperate lesions some joining together

Focally/focally extensive- like wildfire spreading (in one place)

Disseminated- lots

Diffuse- everywhere

27
Q

What are different consistencies found?

A

Semi-fluid

Soft

Hard

28
Q

What are some examples of raised and depressed lesions?

A

Raised:

Abscesses

Granulomas

Primary/metastatic tumours

Depressed- necrosis, fluid filled lesions artefactually emptied

29
Q

What are the three types of slides?

A

Glass

Microphotographs

Virtual slides

30
Q

How should you approach describing a slide?

A

Start from a low power of magnification

Know the tissue size

Locate the tissue

Locate the region of interest

Anticipate distribution

31
Q

What does heterogenous and homogenous cells mean?

A

Heterogenous- necrosis/degeneration, inflammation, visible aetiology?

Homogenous- neoplasia- round, carcinoma, sarcoma

32
Q

What are the 5 steps to producing a morphological diagnosis from a slide?

A

1) recognise the tissue
2) locate the area with variation from normal anatomy
3) Decide if monographic or pleomorphic
4) go ahead with description
5) produce your morphological diagnosis

33
Q

How do you create a morphological diagnosis?

A
  1. animal species
  2. organ
  3. severity
  4. duration
  5. distribution
  6. process type
  7. with…
34
Q

Which marker is used to identify histogenesis of neoplastic mass?

Cytokeratin

Factor VIII

Vimentin

C-Kit

A

Factor VIII

Cytokeratin- marker for epithelial and glandular cells

35
Q

What does granulomatous mean?

A

A tiny cluster of WBC and other tissues

Year 3 Pathology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions