Representation Theories

Question 1

What are main point of Stuart Hall’s Representation theory?

Answer 1

How stereotypes can craft societal viewpoints, typically negative

Question 2

How is media reflective?

Answer 2

It can act like a mirror, capturing and showing the best parts of reality that some people cant experience

Question 3

How can media stereotypes reflect social attitudes?

Answer 3

They reflect the wider views of society as it gives access to how society feels about certain groups

Question 4

How does media contribute to construction of stereotypes?

Answer 4

Media is extremely powerful and can shape social attitudes regarding specific groups

Question 5

How can stereotypes be reshaped or repurposed?

Answer 5

They can be shaped by being guided towards positive representations of key groups in the media

Question 6

How are stereotypes powerful?

Answer 6

The widespread use of stereotypes, guides audiences to associate specific groups with negative traits

Question 7

What is Transcoding?

Answer 7

When producers want to challenge pre existing negative stereotypes to craft new meanings

Question 8

What do stereotypes do?

Answer 8

Reduce social groups to a key few traits that are typically negative and harmful

Question 9

What is the main idea of Van Zoonen’s Feminist theory?

Answer 9

Media plays a crucial role in informing audiences of the gender based roles they ought to assume

Question 10

What is the male gaze?

Answer 10

The depiction of women that invites viewers to take erotic pleasure whilst viewing the female form

Question 11

What is active & passive representation?

Answer 11

How women are encoded in media imagery to be passive whist men are active, which reinforces male dominance

Question 12

What is objectification?

Answer 12

An image that demeans or degrades the subject

Question 13

What is the patriarchy?

Answer 13

Society constructed according to a males point of view, allows men to be the dominant gender

Question 14

What is subversive representation?

Answer 14

Media representation that challenges or undermines an idea or set of ideas that are held by society

Question 15

What is female identification?

Answer 15

How women may internalise traditional gender stereotypes (they may adapt to the masculine view of femininity)

Question 16

What are the main points for Judith Butler’s gender performance theory?

Answer 16

Gender identities are constructed through repetition

Society reinforces traditional gender identity

Question 17

What is gender performance?

Answer 17

The repeating of acts that define our gender

Question 18

What is compulsory heterosexuality?

Answer 18

The entrenched social expectation to assume male & female identities

Question 19

What is heteronormativity?

Answer 19

The dominance of heterosexuality in social expectations, the ‘normal’ identity

Question 20

What is parodic representation?

Answer 20

Gender representation constructed through exaggeration

Question 21

What does Intersectionality mean in Bell Hooks theory?

Answer 21

The exploration of oppression & the challenges faced by those in the face of oppression

Question 22

What is intersectional media?

Answer 22

Media products that deliberately include/allude to an intersectional viewpoint

Question 23

What does intersectional media do?

Answer 23

It celebrates social diversity & gives voices to social groups who have been marginalised

Question 24

What does Bell Hooks believe about the social hierarchy?

Answer 24

White men are at the top in power whilst ethnic minorities are at the bottom, especially ethnic women

Question 25

What does Bell Hooks believe about oppression on minority groups?

Answer 25

It has been constructed by the whit male social hierarchy

Question 26

What is Guantlett’s main exploration with his Media and Identity theory?

Answer 26

The impact of the rapid media boom in the 1980s & 1990s

How that resulted in a diversity of choice in identity

Question 27

What does Guantlett believe about active audiences?

Answer 27

Active audiences use media products to create their own identities

Question 28

What does Guantlett say about late modernity?

Answer 28

It enables audiences to escape the given identities that are constructed through social norms

Question 29

What are fluid identities?

Answer 29

The realisation that identities can be changed and don’t have to conform to the traditional social structures

Question 30

What are fixed identities?

Answer 30

When you have either hardly any choice or no choice in your identity

Question 31

What is globalisation?

Answer 31

The time period of when media products began to be produced and shared across the globe as a result of ownership changes in the 1980s

Question 32

What did globalisation do?

Answer 32

It brought audiences into contact with wider ranges of identity influences

Question 33

What is post traditional society?

Answer 33

A society that doesn’t require individuals to adapt to ‘socially acceptable’ identities