Renal system

Question 1

Name the order of the kidney.

Answer 1

1. Glomerulus
2. Bowmans capsule
3. Proximal convoluted tubule
4. Descending loop of henle
5. Ascending loop of henle
6. Distal convoluted tubule
7. Collecting duct
8. Ureters
9. Bladder

Question 2

What is Glucosuria?

Answer 2

When the amount of glucose filtered through the glomerulus exceeds the amount that can be reabsorbed so it is lost in the urine.

Question 3

What does the anti diuretic hormone do? (ADH)

Answer 3

It acts on the distal convulated tubule and the collecting duct to promote water reabsorption, preventing water loss from the body.

Question 4

Name example of an anti diuretic

Answer 4

Vasopressin

Question 5

What does aldosterone do?

Answer 5

Increases reabsorption of sodium in the DCT and the collecting ducts so it goes back into the blood stream.
Causes osmotic imbalance which causes water to flow back into blood along with sodium.

Question 6

2 drugs that are contraindicated with uremic patients.

Answer 6

Xylazine and Ketamine

Question 7

What is erythropoietin?

Answer 7

A hormone secreted by a healthy kidney that tells the home marrow to produce more RBCS leading to a regenerative anemia.

Question 8

What do diuretic drugs do?

Answer 8

Are used to remove excess extra cellular fluid by increasing urine flow and sodium excretion to reduce hypertension.

Question 9

Example of a loop diuretic.

Answer 9

Furosemide (lasix)

Question 10

What are loop diuretics?

Answer 10

They inhibit tubular reabsorption of sodium at the loop of henle.

Question 11

What is the most rapid sodium expulsion drug?

Answer 11

Loop diuretics

Question 12

What do osmotic diuretics do?

Answer 12

Treat oliguric acute renal failure to reduce intracranial and intraocular pressure.

Question 13

Examples of osmotic diuretics

Answer 13

Glucose and mannitol

Question 14

Thiazide diuretics

Answer 14

Effect last longer than that of loop diuretics but can pass the placenta border so should not be given to pregnant dogs

Question 15

Thiazides diuretic example

Answer 15

Hydrochlorothiazide

Question 16

Potassium sparring diuretic

Answer 16

Weak diuretic but can conserve potassium

Question 17

Example of potassium sparring diuretic

Answer 17

Spironolactone

Question 18

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Answer 18

Blocks action of carbonic anhydrase which is used by male to maintain acid base balance and reduce intraocular pressure

Question 19

What do Cholinergic Agents do?

Answer 19

Treat retention of urine by helping to empty the bladder. Is used on pets with damage to the nerves that control the relaxation of the bladder.

Question 20

Example of a Cholinergic Agent.

Answer 20

Bethanechol

Question 21

What are anticholinergic agents?

Answer 21

Used to treat the urge to urinate by promoting retention of urine and promoting muscle relaxation.

Question 22

Important side effect of anticholinergic agents?

Answer 22

It works very slowly

Question 23

Example of a Anticholinergic agent?

Answer 23

Propantheline

Question 24

What are alpha adrenergic antagonists?

Answer 24

Reduce internal sphinter tone when the urethral sphincter is tense.
Treats urinary retention caused by urethral obstruction or detrusor areflexia

Question 25

What is a major side effect of alpha adrenergic antagonists?

Answer 25

They cause the animal to faint, so it should not be administered at home.

Question 26

What do Beta adrenergic antagonists do?

Answer 26

Controls mild to moderate hypertension caused by chronic renal failure.

Question 27

What are two examples of alpha adrenergic antagonists?

Answer 27

Prazosin and phenoxybensamine

Question 28

Name some non-neurological urinary disorders?

Answer 28

hormone response, stress, urge, over distention.

Question 29

When does hormone responsive urinary incontinence happen mostly and how do you treat it?

Answer 29

Mostly happens in spayed female dogs and it is treated with estrogen.

Question 30

What does the Renin- Angiotension-Aldosterone system do?

Answer 30

Regulates blood pressure and low water balance.

Question 31

Describe how the Renin-angiotension-aldosterone system works.

Answer 31

When the blood volume and water volume is low, the kidneys secrete renin. Renin converts angiotension 1 into angiotension 2. Angiotension 2 constricts blood vessels which increased blood pressure and then it secretes aldosterone. Aldosterone causes sodium and water reabsorption which increases fluid in the body and increases blood pressure.

Question 32

What do Ace Inhibitors do?

Answer 32

Blocks angiotension 1 to 2 conversion, decreases aldosterone, and alleviates vasoconstriction in order to decrease the blood pressure.

Question 33

Most common Ace inhibitor.

Answer 33

Enalapril

Question 34

Name the types of uroliths (crystals or stones in urine)

Answer 34

Struvite, triple phosphate, calcium ostelate, and crystine.

Question 35

What are urine acidifiers used for?

Answer 35

Used to produce acid urine (under 7) and assists in dissolving and preventing the formation of struvite uroliths.
Note: vets nowadays mostly use the diet to create acid urine instead of meds.

Question 36

What are urine alkalizers used for?

Answer 36

Used in the management of ammonium acid urate, calcium oxalate, and crystine urolithiasis.

Question 37

What do Xanthine oxidase inhibitors do?

Answer 37

Decrease the production of uric acid produced by xanthine oxidase.

Question 38

Which breed of dog is more prone to uric acid produced by xanthine oxidase?

Answer 38

Dalmations

Question 39

What do glycosaminoglycans do?

Answer 39

They are found covering the transitional epithelium of the urinary tract and they keep microorganisms and crystals from adhering to the bladder wall.

Question 40

What does azodyl do?

Answer 40

Has the potention to reduce azotemia through enteric dialysis.