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Pharmacology > Analgesics > Flashcards

Analgesics Flashcards

1
Q

Define pain

A

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual potential tissue damage

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2
Q

Terminal ends of sensory fiber endings which is what makes you feel the pain

A

Nociceptors

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3
Q

5 types of pain

A 
Physiologic
Pathologic
Visceral
Somatic
Neuropathic
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4
Q

Type of pain that makes animal to avoid damaging stimuli

A

Physiologic pain

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5
Q

Type of pain that results from tissue or nerve damage

A

Pathological

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6
Q

Type of pain that comes from hollow organs, peritoneum, heart, liver and lungs

A

Visceral

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7
Q

Pain that comes from the muscoskeletal sytem

A

Somatic

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8
Q

Pain that comes from injury to the peripheral or CNS and is described as a burning or shooting pain

A

Neuropathic

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9
Q

Three other types of pains:

A

Harmful, beneficial, and motivational

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10
Q

Name the five freedoms every animal should have:

A 
Pain
Hunger and malnutrition
Discomfort
Disease and injury
Able to express normal behavior
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11
Q

Clinical signs of pain

A

Increased HR and RR, mydriasis, salivation, vocalization, guarding, restlessness, unresponsiveness, abnormal gait, stance, rolling on the floor

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12
Q

What are analgesics?

A

Drugs used to control pain

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13
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Basic process of the body in response to tissue injury caused by physical, chemical, and biologic trauma

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14
Q

What is the objective of inflammation?

A

Counteract injury, and repair or replace damaged tissue

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15
Q

Signs of inflammation

A

Redness, heat, swelling, pain

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16
Q

Definition of fever

A

Increase in body temperature to above normal and is an indicator of disease

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17
Q

Substance that initiates fever

A

Pyrogen

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18
Q

Exogenous pyrogen

A

When a foreign substance attacks the body such as bacteria and viruses

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19
Q

Endogenous pyrogen

A

When chemical mediators in the body initiate fever

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20
Q

Role of the hypothalamus in fever

A

Activates the process to generate or conserve body heat

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21
Q

The 4 pain processes

A

Transduction, transmission, modulation, perception

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22
Q

Stimuli either chemical, thermal, or mechanical are transformed into electrical signals

A

Transduction

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23
Q

Conduction of impulses from the peripheral pain receptors to the spinal cord

A

Transmission

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24
Q

A surpression or amplication of pain impulses by neurons in the spinal cord

A

Modulation

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25
Q

Processing and recognition of pain in the brain

A

Perception

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26
Q

Fiber system that is unmyelinated and responsible for dull, poorly localized pain

A

Type C

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27
Q

Fiber system with delta fibers responsible for sharp localized pain

A

Type A

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28
Q

When neurons become sensitized from being stimulated repeatedly and they discharge at a much lower threshold

A

“Wind up”

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29
Q

What enzyme do NSAIDs inhibit?

A

Cyclooxygenase

30
Q

T/F glucocorticoids are more effective vs NSAIDS

A

True

31
Q

Why are NSAIDs preferred over GC?

A

Have fewer side effects, promote analgesia and reduce fever

32
Q

What are the two most important side effects of NSAIDs?

A

Cause GI ulcers and bleeding

33
Q

What tests should be run on all pets before the start of NSAIDs are used?

A

A physical exam and lab tests

34
Q

What two panels should be run on animals on long term NSAID treatment?

A

Liver and kidney function tests

35
Q

With what drug should NSAIDs never be combined or combined with extreme caution?

A

Corticosteriods

36
Q

Name a Salicylate

A

Aspirin

37
Q

Actions of salicylates

A

Analgesia, antipyrexia, anti inflammatory, and reduce platelet aggregation

38
Q

Uses for salicylates

A

Arthritis, Heartworm, and feline cardiomyopathy

39
Q

Why are cats susceptible to aspirin overdose?

A

Because of their inability to metabolize it rapidly

40
Q

Pyrazolone derivative

A

Phenylbutazone

41
Q

Drug used to relieve inflammatory conditions of the muscoskeletal system, analgesia for mild to moderate pain, and antipyrexia

A

Phenylbutazone

42
Q

Drug that acts as a carrier of other agents through the skin, causes vasodilation, and reduces acute swelling

A

DMSO

43
Q

Drug that causes a garlic taste, skin irritation, and burning sensation

A

DMSO

44
Q

Important tech note for DMSO

A

Wear gloves!

45
Q

Analgesic with limited antipyretic and anti inflammatory activity that is discouraged because of its potential toxicity

A

Acetaminophen

46
Q

What species should acetaminophen never be given to?

A

Cats

47
Q

Drug used for the relief of pain associated with degenerative joint disease or post op pain from orthopedic repair

A

Carprofen

48
Q

Brand name for Carprofen

A

Rimadyl

49
Q

Drug used for the management of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs

A

Etodolac

50
Q

Analgesic NSAID used to control pain and inflammation associated with orthopedic surgery

A

Deracoxib

51
Q

Brand name for Deracoxib

A

Deramaxx

52
Q

Rapidly disintegrating tablet that cannot be spit out and is used to improve owner and animal compliance

A

Tepoxalin

53
Q

NSAID used for anti inflammatory, analagesia, and is an antipyretic and is used to control pain from surgical procedures, arthritis.

A

Meloxicam

54
Q

Brand name for Meloxicam

A

Metacam

55
Q

Drug used for the relief of pain and inflammation in dogs and cats associated with chronic osteoarthritis.

A

Robenacoxib

56
Q

Brand name for Robenacoxib

A

Onsior

57
Q

Drug made from bovine cartilage and reduces degenerative changed induced by noninfections or traumatic joint disease and promotes activity in the synovial membrane

A

Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan

58
Q

Brand name for Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan

A

Adequan

59
Q

How do opiod agonists work?

A

Produce opiod effects and respiratory depression, sedation, and addiction

60
Q

Drugs used to control moderate to severe pain in animals

A

Opiod Agonists

61
Q

Name the opiod agonists

A

Codeine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, and oxymorphone

62
Q

Opiod agonist-antagonist used for the relief of mild to moderate pain and causes sedation, ataxia and salivation

A

Butorphanol

63
Q

Opiod partial agonist used for the mild to moderate pain relief in cats and dogs, and must be given to cats through the mouth or buccal

A

Buprenorphine

64
Q

2 Aphla 2 adrenergic agents that are used for short, non-invasive procedures, are used as a preanesthetic agent, and a post op sedative and as an epidural

A

Xylazine and Dexmedetomidine (dexdomitor)

65
Q

Dissociative that prevents wind up and allows lower doses of opiods to be used

A

Ketamine

66
Q

Used as an alternative analgesic, for chronic pain in dogs, and inhibits the re uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin

A

Tramadol

67
Q

Local anesthetic that can be in the form of a trandermal patch, cream or liquid and must wear gloves

A

Lidocaine

68
Q

Controls pain related to neuropathic pain, osteo-arthritis, and cancer

A

Gabapentin

69
Q

Inhibit effects or spread of inflammation process and prevent histamine from combining with tissue receptors and used to treat pruritis, urticaria, motion sickness and can cause drowsiness and weakness

A

Anti-histamine

70
Q

Muscle relaxant used to treat acute inflammatory and traumatic conditions of muscle and spasm

A

Methocarbamol

71
Q

Brand name for Methocarbamol

A

Robaxin

Pharmacology (12 decks)

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