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Valley Need to knows > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

Renal Functions: regulation of osmolality

what is normal osmolality and range

A

300 mOsm/kg

270-310 mOsm/kg

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2
Q

the concentration of what contributes to 90%of the extracellular fluid osmolality?

A

sodium salts

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3
Q

osmolality is another way of saying what?

A

sodium concentration

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4
Q

name the 3 endocrine fxns of the kidney

A

Erythropoietin production

Renin productin

Vitamin D conversion into Vit D3

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5
Q

blood is delivered to the glomerulus via the ______ arteriole and exits the glomerulus via the ______ arteriol

A

delivered Afferent

Exits Efferent

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6
Q

there are 2 types of nephrons: what are they

A

cortical nephrons

juxtamedullary nephron

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7
Q

picture of 2 types of nephron

A
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8
Q

the cortical nephron has short loops of henle and glomeruli located where?

A

near the surface of the kidney

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9
Q

the juxtamedullary nephrons have LONG loop of henle and the glomeruli is where

A

deep in the cortex near the the cortical medullary junction

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10
Q

again picture of 2 nephrons

A
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11
Q

blood passes through the ______ arterioles, the _____ capillaries, the _______ arterioles, and the _______ capillaries before it drains into the venous system

A

Afferent arteriols

glomerular capillaries

Efferent arteriole

peritubular capillaries

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12
Q

the ______ arteriole branches into a caillary network that entwines the renal tubule

A

Efferent

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13
Q

the ______ capillaries are the capillaries that arise from the efferent arteriole and engulf the renal tubule

A

peritubular capillaries

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14
Q

the ____ _____ are the peritubular cappillaries of the loops of henle of the juxtamedullary nephrons, it constitutes a countercurrent echange system

A

Vasa recta

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15
Q

a substance may be transported FROM the tubule TO the capillary called what

A

reabsorption

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16
Q

a substance may be transported FROM the tubule TO the capillary called reabsorption or FROM the capillary TO the tubule called what?

A

secretion

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17
Q

the vasa recta are hairpin-shaped capillaries of the long loops of henle of what nephron

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

18
Q

2 parts or divisons of the kidney>

A

cortex

Medulla

19
Q

Glomeruli, proximal tubules, and distal tubules are found in what part of the kidney

A

cortex

20
Q

the loops of henle and collecting ducts are found in what part of the kidneys

A

medulla

21
Q

what part of the outter medulla is most vulnerable to ischemia?

A

inner stripe

22
Q

the LOH is a COUNTERCURRENT MULTIPLIER which does what?

A

creats the osmotic gradient

23
Q

the vasa recta is a COUNTERCURRENT EXCHANGER what does that mean

A

it maintains the osmotic gradient created by the LOH

24
Q

the LOH deposits NaCl in the medullary interstitium and in doing so, produces a gradient in osmolality that increases progressively from 300 to 1200 deep in the medulla. this osmotic gradient is required for what?

A

making the urine concentrated or making the urine dilute

25
Q

AVP/ADH:

synthesized where?

A

hypothalamus (paraventricular and supraoptic nuleus)

26
Q

AVP/ADH:

stored where?

A

Post pituitary

(neurohypophysis)

27
Q

AVP/ADH:

secreted into what?

A

blood

28
Q

AVP/ADH:

what is the stimulus for release

A

increased Na+

Increased osmolality

29
Q

AVP/ADH:

site of action

A

collecting ducts

30
Q

AVP (ADH) is synthesized where in the hypothalamus?

A

paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus

31
Q

AVP/ADH is transported in the axoplasmic fluid of the hypothalmic-hypophyseal nerves to storage sites in the nerve terminals where

A

neurohypophysis

32
Q

what stimulate the release of AVP/ADH from the posterior pituitary

A

nerve action potentials

33
Q

when circulating levels of AVP/ADH are HIGH, what type of urine is formed

A

a small volume of concentrated (0.5mL/kg/kr)

34
Q

when circulating levels of AVP/ADH are LOW what is the urine like

A

large volumes of dilute urine

(25 mL/kg/hr)

35
Q

what is urine osmolality with HIGH AVP/ADH

A

1200-1500 mOsm

36
Q

what is urine osmolality if AVP/ADH is low

A

50-100 mOsm

37
Q

what are causes of DI? (2)

A

failure of AVP/ADH synthesis or release (most common)

Insensitivity of distal tubules and collecting ducts AVP/ADH (nephrogenic)

38
Q

what are causes of SIADH

A

result of surgery

intracranial tumor

hypothyroidism

porphyria

Small OATS cell carcinoma

39
Q

what are the diagnostic signs of SIADH

A

increased urine Na+ concentration

Increased Urine osmolality

hyponatremia

decreased PLASMA osmolality

(too much ADH pissing out Na+)

40
Q

Spironolactone is a competitive aldosterone antagonist that works on the late DCT and the collecting decut (mainly collecting duct). it increases excretion of what? and promotes retention of what?

A

increases Na+ excretion

and promotes K+ retention

41
Q

Chronic Kidney disease:

what is the best test to determine renal reserve

A

creatinine clearance (measures GFR)

Valley Need to knows (25 decks)

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