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Valley Need to knows > Cell Physiology > Flashcards

Cell Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Large Water soluble (hydrophilic/Lipophobic) molecules and ions do NOT diffuse through the lipid bilayer and therefore generally must use what to enter and exit cells and cross the blood brain barrier or placental barriers?

A

channels

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2
Q

Of all substances what are least likely to penetrate lipid bilayers ( give 3 examples)

A 
IONs
Na+
K+
Cl-
etc.
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3
Q

what is it termed when an intracellular vesicle melts into the surface membrane, before opening to the extracellular space and extruding its contents?

A

exocytosis

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4
Q

What is it termed when he surface membrane invaginates, pinches off, and becomes an intracellular vesicle containing extracellular fluid?

A

Endocytosis

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5
Q

what is the term for cell drinking?

A

pinocytosis

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6
Q

What is the term for Cell ingestion and digestion

A

Phagocytosis

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7
Q

Proteins are reabsorbed from the proximal tubule of the kidney by what?

A

pinocytosis (cell drinking)

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8
Q

What cells phagocytize bacteria

A

Macrophages

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9
Q

Neurotransmitters are released from nerve terminals by what process?

A

exocytosis

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10
Q

What proteins relay (shuttle) messages (signals) from receptors to enzymes?

A

G proteins

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11
Q

name 5 second messengers (names and abbreviations)

A
  • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
  • Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)
  • Calcium
  • Calmodulin
  • Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
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12
Q

Second messenger are specific to what? and explain why?

A
  • Tissue Specific
  • a 2nd messenger can produce different effects in different tissues
  • Ex. Increased cAMP in the heart increases Ca++, causing increased contractility, however in bronchial smooth muscle increased cAMP decreases Ca++, producing smooth muscle relaxation (bronchial dilation)
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13
Q

An increase in Cardiac contractility is mediated by ____ adrenergic agonist and Brochodilation is mediated by ____ adrenergic agonist; both of these responses involve Gs and adenylate cyclase

A

CARDIAC Beta 1

Bronchodilation Beta 2

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14
Q

Insulin stimulates what pump?

A

Na+ — K+ pump

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15
Q

Insulin stimulates the Na+ – K+ pump, which is the reason it is effective in treating Hyperkalemia. how does it do this ?

A

Insulin by stimulating the Na+ K+ pump, drives K+ into the cells.

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16
Q

why do you need to give dextrose (sugar) when treating hyperkalemia with insulin?

A

B/c insulin also opens glucose channels, which permits the transfer of glucose into fat and skeletal muscle cells. thus the glucose component prevents hypoglycemia

17
Q

What beta agonist are also used for treatment of hyperkalemia? and Why? what are 2 common drugs given?

A
  • Beta 2 agonist
  • B/c they stimulate the Na+ K+ pump and drive potassium into cells.
  • ritodrine and terbutaline (albuterol is also a good one just not listed here in valley)
18
Q 
Normal extracellular (serum) and Intracellular ( cytoplasm) levels:
Na+
A

145

10

19
Q 
Normal extracellular (serum) and Intracellular ( cytoplasm) levels:
K+
A

4

140

20
Q 
Normal extracellular (serum) and Intracellular ( cytoplasm) levels:
Ca++
A

2.0-2.5

«1

21
Q 
Normal extracellular (serum) and Intracellular ( cytoplasm) levels:
Mg++
A

2

50

22
Q 
Normal extracellular (serum) and Intracellular ( cytoplasm) levels:
Cl-
A

105

4

23
Q 
Normal extracellular (serum) and Intracellular ( cytoplasm) levels:
PO4--
A

2

75

24
Q 
Normal extracellular (serum) and Intracellular ( cytoplasm) levels:
HCO3-
A

24

10

25
Q

what is the most abundant intracellular ion?

A

K+

26
Q

What is the most abundant Extracellular ion

A

Na+

27
Q

Resting membrane potential is controlled by which ion

A

K+

28
Q

the threshold is controlled by which ion

A

Ca++

29
Q

if you depolarize do u go more negative or positive?

A

positive

30
Q

if you hyperpolarize do you go more negative or positive

A

negative

31
Q

what happens to cells with Hyperkalemia

A

depolarize

32
Q

What happens to cells with HypoKalemia

A

Hyperpolarize

33
Q

what is most responsible for RMP

A

Potassium efflux (through “leak” channels)

34
Q

Diffusion of ____ ions into the cells responsible for depolarization of the axon

A

Sodium (Na+)

35
Q

Diffusion of ____ ions OUT of the cell is responsible for repolarization of the

A

K+

36
Q

when the Na+ channel is in the inactivated state, another action potential cannont be fired… what is this termed

A

the absolute refractory period

Valley Need to knows (25 decks)

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