Renal System Flashcards
As early as the ___ week, the kidneys begin to form. the nephrons start functioning at around ___ weeks.
third, eight
Kidney migration from the pelvis to their final location is not complete until ___ years old.
six
A normal adult kidney measures…
9-12 cm.
The parechymal volume of the ___ kidney is smaller than the ___.
right, left
The left kidney usually lies __ cm higher than the right.
1-2 cm
The vessels enter the renal pelvis in this order, anterior to posterior…
vein, artery, ureter
The adrenal gland is ___ to the right kidney.
superiormedial
The liver is ___ to the right kidney.
superiolateral
The right colic flexure is ___ to the right kidney.
inferior
The 2nd portion of the duodenum is ___ to the right kidney.
medial
The adrenal gland is ___ to the left kidney.
superior
The spleen is ___ to the left kidney.
superior
The pancreatic tail is ___ to the superior pole of the left kidney.
anterior
The left colic flexure is ___ to the left kidney.
inferior
The diaphragm is ___ to the kidneys.
posterior
The psoas and quadratus lumborum muscle are ___ to the kidneys.
posterior
The cortex is the ___echoic part of the renal parenchyma.
iso or hypo
The medullary pyramids are the ___echoic part of the renal parenchyma.
an
The renal sinus is the ___echoic part of the renal parenchyma.
hyper
This is the outer part of the renal parenchyma, from the sinus to the capsule.
renal cortex
This is the inner part of the renal parenchyma, from the base of the pyramids to the center of the kidney.
renal medulla
This is the cavity within the kidney that houses the renal pyramid.
renal sinus
These pass into the renal sinus through the hilum.
nerves and blood vessels
These appear as anechoic equally spaced triangles between the cortex and renal sinus.
medullary pyramids
This is a funnel shaped transition from the major calyces to the ureter.
renal pelvis or collecting system
This is the medial opening of the kidney, the entry/exit of the artery, vein, and ureter.
renal hilum
This is the slit-like opening in the middle of the concave medial border of the kidney.
renal hilum
These are the recesses in the internal medulla of the kidney which enclose the pyramids.
the renal calyces
This is the portion of the urinary collecting system within the kidney that unite to form the renal pelvis.
major calyx
This is the portion of the urinary collecting system that collects urine from the medullary pyramids.
minor calyces
This is the apex of the medullary pyramids.
renal papilla
This is the fibrous sheath enclosing the kidney and the adrenal glands.
gerota’s fascia
This is the functional unit of the kidney.
nephron
This consists of the renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubules, descending and ascending limbs of henle’s loop, distal convoluted tubules, and collecting tubules.
nephron
There are about ___ nephrons is the cortex of each kidney.
one million
This consists of the glomerulus and glomerular capsule or Bowman’s capsule.
renal corpuscle
At the renal hilum, the main renal artery divides into how many of what kind of artery?
five, segmental
At the level of the medullary pyramids, the segmental arteries divide into the ___ arteries, which run between the pyramids.
interlobar
At the base of the medullary pyramids, the ___ arteries branch in a manner that is parallel to the renal capsule.
arcuate
Branching off the arcuate arteries and running perpendicular to the renal capsule are the smallest renal arteries, called…
interlobular arteries.
T/F? Congenital anomalies of the genitourinary tract are more common than any other organ system.
true
Impaired renal function, infection, and calculus formation are complications associated with…
congenital anomalies of the genitourinary tract.
Variations of the normal genitourinary tract are…
-junctional defects -hypertrophied column of bertin -dromedary hump -ectopic kidney -horseshoe kidney -fused pelvic kidney -crossed fused renal ectopia -duplex kidney -renal agenesis -extrarenal pelvis
This is a partial fusion of two parenchymal renal masses during normal development.
junctional parenchymal defect or fetal lobulation
Sonographically, these appear as a triangular hyperechoic area anterior and superior on the right kidney.
junctional parenchymal defect or fetal lobulation
This is a normal variant located between 2 medullary pyramids that gives the appearance of a mass effect.
hypertrophied column of bertin
Sonographically, this normal variant has an echogenicity equal to the peripheral cortical tissue and may be confused with a double collecting system.
hypertrophied column of bertin
This is a normal variant of cortical thickening on the lateral aspect of the left kidney.
dromedary hump
This condition results from a failure of the kidneys to ‘ascend’ into the abdomen; there is an increased incidence of UPJ, ureteral reflux and multicystic renal dysplasia.
ectopic kidney or pelvic kidney
This is the most common renal fusion anomaly in which the lower poles typically connect across the midline anterior to the aorta.
horseshoe kidney
In this common renal fusion anomaly, the large u-shaped kidney lies in the hypogastrium because it is prevented from ascending by the IMA.
horseshoe kidney aka ‘cake’ or ‘lump’ kidney
Sonographically, the isthmus of the horseshoe kidney is frequently mistaken for ___. The ureters are typically located ___ to the isthmus.
lymphandenopathy, anterior
In this common renal variant, the upper and lower poles of pelvic kidneys fuse.
fused pelvic kidney aka ‘discoid’ or ‘pancake’ kidney
Sonographically, this common renal variant appears as a round irregular lobulated mass in the pelvis.
fused pelvic kidney
This is the 2nd most common renal fusion variant.
crossed fused ectopic kidney
In the common renal variant, the developing kidneys fuse within the pelvis and one kidney ascends to its normal position, carrying the other one with it across the midline.
crossed fused ectopic kidney
Sonographically, two kidneys are visualized on one side of the abdomen with the absence of a contralateral kidney. Ureters connect on both sides of the bladder thus one ureter crosses the midline.
crossed fused ectopic kidney
This is a common renal variant in which there’s a duplication of the collecting systems, occuring in approximately 15% of the population. May be complete (two ureters) or incomplete (one ureters).
duplex kidney
Sonographically, these kidneys look longer than normal and have a complete central cortical break within the hyperechoic sinus.
duplex kidney
With complete double ureters, the ureter draining the ___ pole typically inserts in an ectopic location in the bladder.
superior
A frequent complication of ectopic ureter is a…
ureterocele.
This is a prolapse of the distal ureter into the bladder, resulting in a hydroureter and hydronephrosis of the upper collecting system of the kidney.
ureterocele
In this common renal variant, the collecting system lies outside the renal sinus.
extrarenal pelvis
Sonographically, this appears as acystic collection medial the renal hilum.
extrarenal pelvis
This renal condition is associated with oligohydramnios and pulmonary hypoplasia and is incompatible with life.
bilateral renal agenesis
This renal condition is associated with uterine duplication (bicornuate uterus) and sminal vesicle agenesis.
unilateral renal agenesis
This is a rare renal anomaly in which a third kidney, smaller than the other two, is present.
supranumerary kidney
This renal condition is a common cause of urinary obstruction in the male neonate patient.
posterior urethral valve
This renal condition involves an abnormal congenital membrane located within the posterior male urethra that obstructs it.
posterior urethral valve
Sonographically, this appears as a VERY large bladder, hydroureter, hydronephrosis*, and dilated posterior urethra (‘keyhole’ appearance).
posterior urethral valve
Posterior urethral valves account for about ___ of all boys with end-stage renal failure.
25%
What are the two categories of renal cysts?
acquired and congenital
T/F? Simple and non-simple cysts belong to the congenital category.
false, the acquired category
T/F? Cysts that are inflammatory, hemorragic, or septated are considered simple cysts.
false, non-simple
T/F? Simple cysts are rare.
false, common
Simple renal cysts are seen more commonly over what age?
50 yo
What part of the kidney are simple cysts usually located in?
cortex
Sonographically, this appears as an echogenic material layering the the dependent portion of a renal cyst, associated with reverberation echoes without shadowing.
pyelogenic cyst or calyceal diverticulum
In this renal condition, a simple renal cyst happens to connect the renal pelvis and becomes infected, causing recurring UTIs and a predisposition for stone formationand hematuria. Loin pain in a common initial symptom.
pyelogneic cyst or calyceal diverticulum
What is a renal sinus cyst that does not connect with the collecting system called?
parapelvic cyst
When scanning a parapelvic cyst, you should use Doppler to rule out what pathology with a similar appearance?
renal artery aneurysm
Is a parapelvic cyst simple or non-simple?
simple
T/F? A parapelvic cyst with always have smooth borders.
false, can have irregular borders with a hydro-cauliflower appearance
When echoes are seen within a renal cyst, the echoes should be seen in two view to rule out what?
artifact
What are the four criteria for a cyst?
-acoustic enhancement -absence of internal echoes -sharply defined thin walls -round or oval shape
If the renal cyst has a thick septation, irregular walls, and solid components within,…
it’s an atypical cyst and suggests a malgnant lesion.
If the renal cyst has a thing septation, minimal wall calcification, no internal echoes (or just artifact),…
it’s a typical benign cyst.
Patients with ___ have increased risk of non-simple cysts and calcifications of these cysts.
polycystic disease
T/F? It is possible for a non-simple cyst to be malignant.
true
A kissing cyst is simple or non-simple?
non-simple
This adult condition is a bilateral renal enlargement caused by numerous cysts of varying sizes.
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (APKD)
In advanced APKD, destruction of renal tissue leads to…
renal failure and hypertension.
The renal disease is associated with arterial aneurysms, especially the ‘berry’ aneursyms.
APKD
This is the most common genetically determined childhood cystic disease of the kidney.
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)
Sonographically, this appears in the fetus as bilaterally enlarged kidneys, hyperechoic kidney parenchyma with anechoic areas within them, oligohydramnios, distended bladder, and loss of cortical medullary distinction.
ARPKD
This is the most common cause of an abdominal mass in the newborn.
multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCKD)
This renal condition can be bi- or unilateral and is usually the result of atresia of the UPJ during fetal development.
MCKD
This renal condition involves the development of cortical and medullary cysts in patients with end stage kidney disease and on dialysis from noncystic causes.
acquired cystic disease
Acquired cysts can sometimes hemorrhage resulting in…
pain and hematuria.
___ cysts can sometimes hemorrhage resulting in pain and hematuris.
acquired
Patients with acquired cystic disease have a ___ times greated risk of developing renal cell carcinoma.
100
This is a congenital dysplastic cystic dialation of the medullary pyramids due to tubular ectasia or dysplasia.
medullary sponge kidney
In this renal condition, calcium deposits form in the medullary pyramids making them hyperechoic on u/s.
medullary sponge kidney
Sonographically, this appears as equally spaced calcified renal pyramids.
medullary sponge kidney
What are the two main complications of medullary sponge kidney?
stones and infections
Medullary sponge kidney is seen mainly in what age group?
children to young adults
Patients with medullary sponge kidneys often have what other pathology?
medullary nephrocalcinosis
This is an inherited disorder of elastic connective tissue.
Ehler-Danlos syndrome
What pathology is associated with parathyroid adenoma, Caroli’s disease and Ehler-Danlos syndrome?
medullary sponge kidney
Is medullary sponge acquired or inherited?
acquired
What causes the cysts in ARPKD?
abnormal proliferation and dilation of renal tubules
ARPKD is associated with what other pathology?
hepatic fibrosis
In ADPKD, what other organs may contain cysts?
liver, pancreas, and spleen
This is an inherited disease which usually presents in the 2nd or 3rd decade of life with serious visual impairment.
Von Hippel-Landau disease
This syndrome can often have related tumors like renal cell carcinoma, pheochromocytomas, and islet cell tumors.
Von Hippel-Landau disease
Von Hippel-Landau disease can often have related tumors like…
renal cell carcinoma, pheochromocytomas, and islet cell tumors.
T/F? Pheochromocytomas are usually benign.
true
T/F? Islet cell tumors are usually malignant.
false, they can be either benign or malignant.
What makes Von Hippel-Landau disease different from ADPKD?
bilateral cysts AND masses; increased chance of carcinoma
Cysts is ACKD can appear in what two areas of the kidney?
cortex and medulla
T/F? It is common for cysts to hemorrhage in ACKD.
true
This is a benign fatty renal tumor, 80% of which occur in the right kidney.
angiomyolipoma aka renal hamartoma
Sonographically, this appears as a hyperechoic renal mass with an echogenicity equal to or greater than the renal sinus and propagation speed artifacts.
angiomyolipoma
These may result in the posterior displacement of structures due to the slower acoustic velocity.
propagation speed artifacts
This multi-system genetic disease causes benign tumors to grow on organs such as the brain, kidneys, heart, eyes, lungs, and skin. It commonly affects the CNS.
tuberous sclerosis
What is the main focus of an abd eval in a patient with tuberous sclerosis?
kidneys
What might you be dealing with if you see several angiomyolipomas on a kidney?
tuberous sclerosis
Sonographically, what makes tuberous sclerosis different from ADPKD?
mutiple renal cysts AND angiomyolipomas
Tuberous sclerosis is closely associated with what three conditions?
-mental retardation -seizures -cutaneous lesions
This inherited cystic disease rapidly progresses with uremia and death.
autodomal dominant medullary cystic disease
Autosomal dominant medullary cystic disease has an onset in what general age group?
adult
Autosomal recessive medullary cystic disease has an onset in what general age group?
juvenile
What disease is marked by salt loss, anemia, puolyuria, and azotemia?
medullary cystic disease
What is azotemia?
uremia toxic ubstance not removed by kidney
What do endstage medullary cystic diseased kidneys look like?
small and echogenic
What is the most common renal cystic disease?
MCKD
Is multicystic dysplastic kidney acquired, inherited, or developmental?
developmental
Sonographically, the largest cyst in a patient with MDKD is located where?
periphery
Sonographically, what presents as large kidneys with multiple cysts of different sizes in children and infants?
MCKD
What is the only way that a baby can survive with a multcystic dysplastic kidney?
The baby must have one functioning kidney.
What happens to a MDKD in an adult?
The diseased kidney becomes small and calcified.
What is the appearance of the ureter of a multicystic dysplastic kidney?
It does not have a ureter.
This is the most common solid renal mass in the adult.
renal cell carcinoma or RCC
T/F? RCC is unilateral and a nephrectomy is recommended.
true
T/F? RCC extension into the renal veins and IVC are uncommon.
False, common. Always check all the way to the right atrium.
Sonographically, this appears as a hypoechoic in comparison to the adjacent renal tissue.
RCC
Clinically, this presents with hematuria, flank pain, and a palable mass.
RCC
Increase incidence of RCC is associated with…
-acquired cystic disease -Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome -tuberous sclerosis -ADPK
Acquired cystic disease, Von Hippel-Linday syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, and ADPK increase the incidence of…
RCC.
Cancers of the ___ are likely to spread to the kidney.
lung, breast, and colon; leukemia and lymphoma also spread renally.
Sonographically, this appears as a hypoechoic mass with a diffusely enarged inhomogeneous kidney.
renal metastases
The most common childhood renal tumor is…
Wilm’s tumor or nephroblastoma.
For Wilm’s tumor the average age of diagnosis is ___ and the survival rate is ___.
3.5 years, 90%
Clinically, this presents as a large asymptomatic flank mass, HTN, fever, hematuria and anemia.
Wilm’s tumor
T/F? A Wilm’s tumor can’t extend into the renal vein and IVC.
false
If the renal contour is normal bilaterally, the abdominal mass is most likely…
an adrenal neuroblastoma.
This is a renal inflammation due to infection.
acute pyelonephritis
Most kidney infections occur via an ___ route and are usually caused by ___ from the intestinal tract.
ascending, gram negative bacilli
Sonographically, this appears as bilateral renal enlargement, hypoechoic parenchyma, and absence of sinus echoes.
acute pyelonephritis
This is a renal mass due to infection.
focal acute pyelonephritis or lobar nephronia
Sonographically, this appears as a focal wedge-shaped area or hypoechoic renal lobe.
focal acute pyelonephritis
RCC and focal acute pyelonephritis are differentiated by…
lab tests.
This renal bacterial infection is associated with renal ischemia. Nephrectomy is usually required.
emphysematous pylonephritis
This renal condition is common in diabetics, immunosuppressed patients and patients with urinary tract obstructions.
emphysematous pylonephritis
Sonographically, in this renal condition, the anaerobic bacteria produces intrarenal gas which causes reverberation or comet tail artifacts.
emphysematous pylonephritis
This is a bilateral injury to the kidney due to recurrent renal infections.
chronic pyelonephritis
Chronic pyelonephritis leads to ___, which will appear as a small hyperechoic kidney.
end stage renal disease
This chronic pyelonephritis results from chronic infections due to a long term obstruction.
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis or XGPN
Failure to depict a normal kidney and associated with a staghorn calculus suggests the diagnosis of ___.
XGPN
In this renal condition, purulent material in the collecting system is associated with an infection secondary to renal obstruction.
pyonephrosis
Sonographically, this appears as hyperechoic debris in a dilated renal collecting system. (like hydronephrosis but with debris)
pyonephrosis
This is the most common renal fungal disease.
candidiasis
Fungal infections usually ascend from the…
bladder.
Sonographically these appear as hyperechoic nonshadowing masses in the renal system.
mycetoma aka fungal ball
What are the three main mechanisms of acute renal failure?
-prerenal -intrinsic -postrenal
Name an example of prerenal ARF.
decreased perfusion - heart failure followed by kidney failure and creatinine increase
Name an example of intrinsic ARF.
acute tubular necrosis is the most common
Name an example of postrenal ARF.
bilateral renal obstruction
What is the role of u/s in ARF?
to determine hydronephrosis (suggesting postrenal failure) and abnormal resistive index (suggesting intrinsic renal failure)
What lab studies are used for determining ARF?
-creatinine** -BUN -urinalysis -urine output (24 hour urine)
The most accurate method of determining ARF is…
creatinine changes that reflect a change in the flomerular filtration rate.
This sudden cause of prerenal failure presents as acute flank pain, hematuria, and sudden rise in blood pressure.
renal artery thrombosis
Sonographically, this appears as a focal hypoechoic areas of infarct, absence of intrarenal arterial flow and unilateral renal enlargement.
renal artery thrombosis
This renal condition is associated with extrinsic compression*, renal transplants*, renal tumors, and trauma.
renal vein thrombosis
Sonographically, this appears as a unilateral enlarged hypoechoic kidney*, dilated thrombosed renal vein*, absent intrrenal venous flow, and high resistance renal artery waveform.
renal vein thrombosis
How does renal vein thrombosis appear on arterial doppler?
It goes from ‘low resistance’ to ‘high resistance’ and loses its diastolic component.
This is the most common cause of renal disease or intrinsic ARF.
acute tubular necrosis
This renal condition results from prolonged ischemia or nephrotoxins that cause damage to the tubular epithelium of the nephron that leads to renal failure.
acute tubular necrosis
Sonographically, this appears as enlarged kidneys, increased RI, and hypoechoic pyramids.
acute tubular necrosis
This is an inflammatory response that results in glomerular damage caused by an infection, exposure to toxins or an autoimmune reaction.
acute glomerulonephritis
Clinically, this presents with sudden onset of hematuria, proteinuria, and azotemia (too much nitrogen in the blood).
acute glomerulonephritis
Sonographically, this appears as enlarged kidneys and increased RI.
acute glomerulonephritis
What’s it called when the renal pelvis and calyces are dialated?
hyrdonephrosis
What are the three common areas of obstruction in hydronephrosis?
-UPJ -UVJ -pelvic brim
Which area of obstruction is most common for a stone blockage?
UVJ
Common causes of hydro…
-calculi -BPH -prostate CA -pelvic malignancies -pregnancy
If left untreated hydro can lead to…
-HTN -loss of renal function -sepsis
This is a disorder of calcium metabolism that results in the formation of calcium renal stones and the deposit of calcum salts in the renal parenchyma.
nephrocalcinosis
Nephrocalcinosis is caused by…
-acute cortical necrosis -chronic glomerulonephritis -hyperparathyroidism -vitamin D intoxication -medullary sponge kidney -papillary necrosis -sarcoidosis -malignancies
Clinically, this renal condition presents with acute back or flank pain that radiates down to the ipsilateral groin. If it’s severe then fever, chills, dysuria, cloudy urine and hematuria can accompany.
nephrocalcinosis
Sonographically, this appears as calcified renal pyramids with no shadowing and a thin cortex.
nephrocalcinosis
This renal condition accounts for 1% of all hospital admissions.
nephrolithiasis
Clinically, this renal condition presents with acute back or flank pain often radiating down to the ipsilateral groin.
nephrolithiasis
This is ischemia of the renal pyramids.
papillary necrosis
Papillary necrosis is associated with…
-analgesic abuse -DM -uti and ut obstructions -renal vein thrombosis -sickle cell disease -CHF -cirrhosis
Sonographically, this appears as echogenic material within the collecting system, triangular cystic collections, and bright echoes produced by the arcuate arteries at the periphery of the cystic space.
papillary necrosis
In this renal condition, cortical thinning is the result of renal sinus and perirenal fat increases and replacing the renal parenchyma.
renal sinus lipomatosis or fibrolipomatosis
This is a hollow muscular and distensible organ that sits on the pelvic floor.
urinary bladder
The ureters enter the bladder at the ___ angle of the trigone.
superiolateral
Normal bladder wall thickness is ___ in a non-distended bladder and ___ in a distended bladder.
less than 5 mm, less than 3 mm
The apex of the bladder points ___ and is connected to the umbilicus by the ___.
anteriorly, urachus (median umbilical ligament)
This is a tube that connects the belly button to the top of the bladder.
urachus
IF the urachus remains open postnatally, ___ is recommended.
surgery
The bladder is composed of four layers…
-serous -muscular -submucous -mucous
In this bladder anomaly, the mucosa herniates through the muscular wall.
bladder diverticula
Most bladder diverticuli are ___ in association with longstanding bladder outlet ___.
acquired, obstruction
Bladder diverticuli are most comonly seen in…
older men with enlarged prostates.
This is a cystic dilation of the fetal urachus.
urachal cyst
Sonographically, this is seen as a cystic structure superior and anterior to the fetal bladder.
urachal cyst
These are muscular ducts that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
ureters
In an adult, ureters are usually ___ long.
25-30 cm
Ureters descend on the ___ surface of the psoas muscles.
anterior
In the pelvis, the ureters cross ___ to the common iliac vessels.
anterior
This is a cyst-like enlargement of the lower end of the ureter which projects into the bladder lumen at the UVJ.
ureteroceles
This is associated with a duplex kidney and a complete ureteral duplication that results in obstruction of the upper pole collecting system.
ectopic ureteroceles
This is the most common bladder neoplasm.
transitional cell carcinoma
Sonographically, this appears as a mass or focal thickening of the bladder wall. Hematuria is the primary symptom.
transitional cell carcinoma
Other bladder masses…
-cystitis -prostate ca -squamous cell ca -blood clots -pyogenic debris -bladder papilloma -bladder stones
The normal renal artery demonstrates continuous forward flow during ___, typical of ___ resistance perfusion.
diastole, low
Resistive index is commonly used to…
-evaluate renal transplant rejection -access suspected hydro -evaluate renal disease
This is widely used to measure the resistance to arterial flow within the renal vascular bed and is calculated from the arterial waveform.
resistive index
The normal renal RI is..
less than or equal to 0.7.
If the RI is 0.7, diastole is ___% of systole.
30
The renal artery/aorta ratio (RAR) should be greater than….
3.5.
How much of the population have an RAR without significant turbulent flow?
0-59%
A small hard waveform that rises & falls slowly is called a…
parvus tardus
The most common cause of renal disease that leads to transplant is…
diabetes.
The treatment of choice for end stage renal disease is…
renal transplant.
Harvesting the ___ kidney is favored due to its longer renal vein.
left
The transplanted kidney is generally placed in the ___ portion of the pelvis, typically on the ___ side.
upper lateral, right
Poor function of the renal transplant may be the result of ___ immediately in the post-transplant period.
acute tubular necrosis
Post-renal transplant complications include…
-fluid collections -renal artery kinking or thrombosis -renal vein thrombosis.
Examples of fluid collections post-renal transplant?
hematomas, urinomas, lymphoceles, abscesses
Sonographically, this appears as renal enlargement*, prominent hypoechoic pyramids, loss of cortical-medullary borders, and increasing renal length in a renal transplant patient.
acute rejection of a renal transplant
A normal RI for renal transplant patients would be…
less than 0.7.
A questionable RI for renal transplant patients would be…
0.7-0.8.
An RI that indicated renal transplant dysfunction would be…
greater than 0.8.
RI in renal patients might rise for what four reasons?
-parenchymal -vascular -urological -technical
Examples of a renal parenchymal cause of increased RI?
acute transplant rejection acute tubular necrosis pyelonephritis
Examples of a renal vascular cause of increased RI?
renal vein thrombosis hypotension
Example of a urological cause of increased RI?
ureteral obstruction
Examle of a technical cause of increased RI?
graft compression
This is a microscopic exam of the sediment and qualitative evaluation of the protein, glucose, ketones, blood, nitrates, and WBCs.
urinalysis
junctional fold defect
or
fetal lobulation
column of bertin
dromedary hump
ectopic kidney
horseshoe kidney
cross fused kidney
duplex kidney
ureterocele
extrarenal pelvis
hydronephrosis
supranumerary kidney
posterior urethral valve
renal cysts
milk of calcium cyst
peri or para pelvic cysts
hemorrhagic cyst
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
ARPKD
Multicystic dysplastic kidney
MCDK
medullary sponge kidney
angiomyolipoma
RCC
RCC
RCC
Wilm’s tumor
focal acute pyelonephritis
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
fetal renal artery thrombosis
acute tubular necrosis
hydronephrosis
nephrocalcinosis
nephrolithiasis
bladder diverticula
urachal cyst
transitional cell cancer
parvus tardus waveform
