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ANAPHY > RENAL SYSTEM > Flashcards

RENAL SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What system that has arteries and veins, arterioles and venules

A

Vascular System

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2
Q

Smaller arteries

A

Arterioles

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3
Q

Smaller veins

A

Venules

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4
Q

Clear part of the blood

A

Plasma

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5
Q

Obtained when blood is separated in the laboratory

A

Serum

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6
Q

Component of the blood with the plasma

A

Whole blood

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7
Q

Composed of red cell, white cells, platelets

A

Blood

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8
Q

It is behind the abdomen and size of fist

A

Kidney

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9
Q

Large vessel and major artery

A

Aorta

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10
Q

Major vein in abdomen that is connected to kidney and artery

A

Inferior vena cava

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11
Q

It is the 2 tubules that connects kidney to urinary bladder

A

Ureter

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12
Q

Microscopic anatomy of the kidney

A

Nephron

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13
Q

Remove waste and toxic substance in the blood

A

Excretory Organs

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14
Q

What organ is excretory organ

A

Kidney

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15
Q

Metabolic by product of cells and substances

A

Waste and Toxic

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16
Q

Breakdown of Carbohydrates

A

Lactic Acid

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17
Q

Breakdown of Fats

A

Keto Acid

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18
Q

Breakdown of protein

A

Urea, Nitrogen, Amino, Sulfur

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19
Q

Breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle fiber

A

Creatinine

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20
Q

By produce of proteins and amino acids

A

Ammonia (NH3)

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21
Q

Breakdown of Hemoglobin

A

Bilirubin

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22
Q

Where can we find hemoglobin that gives tint

A

Liver

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23
Q

Breakdown of nucleic acid (animal protein)

A

Uric Acid

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24
Q

Where can we find high uric acid

A

Dark Meat and Bangus

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25
Q

What are the excretions of metabolic waste

A

Creatinine, Urea, Ammonia, Bilirubin, Uric Acid

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26
Q

What kidney regulates?

A

Blood volume and Blood pressure

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27
Q

What is the extracellular fluid volume or the hormone that regulates blood plasma?

A

Renin

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28
Q

What is a urine concentration

A

Osmolality

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29
Q

How blood volume and pressure are controlled

A

By extracellular fluid volume and urine concentration

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30
Q

It is the reading came from the heart

A

Blood pressure

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31
Q

How regulation is accomplished

A

Kidney

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32
Q

What are also regulates in the blood plasma to know how much to keep or get rid of?

A

Solute and Ions

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33
Q

What are the solutes and ions in the kidney

A

Glucose
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Chloride (Cl)
Bicarbonate (HCO3)
Phosphate (HPO4
Calcium (Ca)

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34
Q

What also regulates in body fluid

A

pH

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35
Q

2 Kinds of pH

A

Acidity
Alkalinity

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36
Q

Alkaline part of kidney

A

Bicarbonate

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37
Q

Regulator of the red blood cells synthesis

A

Erythropoietin

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38
Q

Where RBC are produced

A

Bone marrow

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39
Q

What organs responsible for maintaining pH

A

Lungs and Kidneys

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40
Q

What vitamins are synthesis by the kidney

A

Vitamin D/ Vitamin D3

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41
Q

Active form of Vitamin D or it convert Vit D to?

A

Calcitriol/ Dihydrocholecalciferol

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42
Q

Is breastmilk has Vit D.?

A

No

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43
Q

It is needed for development of the child

A

CalciuM

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44
Q

It helps immune system

A

Vitamin D.

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45
Q

Absorption of Calcium

A

Calcitriol

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46
Q

Other word for Kidney

A

Renal (Latin)

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47
Q

What shape is kidney

A

Bean shaped

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48
Q

It holds kidney in place

A

Adipose (fat tissue)

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49
Q

What is the angle where kidney can be found

A

Costovertebral angle

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50
Q

What ribs

A

12th rib and 1st 3 lumbar spine

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51
Q

What is behind the peritoneum

A

Retroperitoneal

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52
Q

What is more lower, right or left

A

Right Kidney

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53
Q

Superior pole of each kidney

A

Adrenal Gland

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54
Q

What cavity is kidney located

A

Abdominal Cavity

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55
Q

It is the structure that is connective tissue (fibrous) where it surrounds and protects the kidney

A

Renal Capsule

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56
Q

It is also known as indention

A

Hilum

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57
Q

Medial indention on each side of the kidney where vessels or nerves enter or exit

A

Hilum

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58
Q

It is the same shape of kidney where they occur embryonically

A

Ears

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59
Q

Biggest transport area where urine collection begins

A

Calyx

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60
Q

Cup of a flower funnel shaped branch of the renal pelvis

A

Calyx

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61
Q

What are in the Hilum

A

Renal Sinus
Renal Pelvis
Calyx

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62
Q

Fat filled cavity which contains blood vessel

A

Renal Sinus

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63
Q

Wide section of urinary channel

A

Renal Pelvis

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64
Q

Inner kidney structure

A

Renal Parenchymal

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65
Q

Outer

A

Cortex

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66
Q

Inner

A

Medulla

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67
Q

Cone shaped section of tissue lying mostly in medulla

A

Renal Pyramids

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68
Q

Tip of the pyramid

A

Renal Papilla

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69
Q

It surrounds the pyramid

A

Calyx

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70
Q

Functional Unit of the Kidney; Greek for kidney

A

Nephron

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71
Q

Functions of the Kidney

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

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72
Q

From nephron transfer back to blood vessel

A

Reabsorption

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73
Q

From blood plasma to nephron

A

Secretion

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74
Q

Capillary bed= network of blood capillaries where filtration starts

A

Glomerulus

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75
Q

2 kind of arterioles

A

Afferent Arterioles
Efferent Arterioles

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76
Q

It delivers blood to the glomerulus

A

Afferent Pathway

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77
Q

It carries blood away from the glomerulus to the vascular system

A

Efferent Pathway

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78
Q

What do you call when blood plasma enter into the tubule

A

Filtrate

79
Q

Part of the nephron that forms a cup-like sack surrounding the glomerulus.

A

Bowmans Capsule

80
Q

What returns back to Vascular

A

70% of water
Ions
Glucose (no sugar in urine)

81
Q

A part of the Nephron in the kidneys, which helps to reabsorb water and salt from the kidney tubules.

A

Loop of Henle

82
Q

2 Kinds of Loop of Henle

A

Descending Limb (thin segment)
Ascending Limb (thick segment; where most ions are exchanged)

83
Q

Important in regulating blood pressure

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

84
Q

How many nephron in each kidney

A

1.3 Million

85
Q

How much of blood passes through the kidney 24 hrs

A

150 liters to 180 liters

86
Q

Average urinary output

A

1.0 L to 1.8 L

87
Q

Loops of henle do not deep into the medulla (80-85% of Nephron)

A

Cortical Nephrons

88
Q

Loops of Henle extend deep into the medulla (15-25% of Nephron)

A

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

89
Q

Branch of the Aorta

A

Renal Artery

90
Q

Branch of inferior vena cava

A

Renal Vein

91
Q

Originates from the renal artery

A

Peritubular Capillaries

92
Q

Connects to renal vein

A

Vasa recta

93
Q

4 Pathways of Artery

A

Renal Artery
Lobar Artery
Arcuate Artery
Interlobular Artery

94
Q

5 Component of a nephron

A

Renal Corpuscles
Proximal Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Tubule
Collecting Ducts

95
Q

Tiny Body

A

Renal Corpuscles

96
Q

2 Renal Corpuscle

A

Glomerulus
Bowman’s Capsule

97
Q

(Ball of yarn) Tufts of capillaries

A

Glomerulus

98
Q

Arteriole blood goes in for filtration (INFLOW OF BLOOD)

A

Afferent Arterioles

99
Q

Arteriole blood goes out to supply the blood circulation of the nephron (OUTFLOW OF BLOOD)

A

Efferent Arterioles

100
Q

Double walled chamber (3 Filtration Membrane)

A

Bowman’s Capsule

101
Q

3 Layers of Filtration Membrane

A

Podocyte Cell Processes
Basement Membrane
Capillary Endothelium

102
Q

where glomerulus is separated from the bowman’s capsule

A

Capillary Endothelium

103
Q

First layer of bowman’s capsule where it has own pores

A

Basement Membrane

104
Q

Elephant Feet

A

Podocytes

105
Q

It can’t pass or not filtered and goes back through efferent pathway

A

Blood cells and Protein

106
Q

What it filtrates

A

Toxic waste
Glucose
Ion

107
Q

2 Toxic Waste

A

Urea
Creatinine

108
Q

Carries fluid away from the capsule

A

Proximal Tubule

109
Q

How many percent of water goes back to the circulation in reabsorption

A

70%

110
Q

What is now fluid called

A

Filtrate Fluid

111
Q

Fluid that passes across the filtration membrane

A

Filtrate

112
Q

Reabsorption of ions

A

Loop of Henle

113
Q

Downward tube and is permeable to water

A

Descending Limb

114
Q

Upward Tube and is permeable to solutes (K and Na)

A

Ascending limb

115
Q

Reabsorption of water (20-25%) and Secretion of Renin

A

Distal Convoluted Tubules

116
Q

Secretion of Renin (RAAS)

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

117
Q

Where renin can be found

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

118
Q

Consist of cells from the wall of the afferent arteriole and the distal tubule;
Junction of the secretion of Renin

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

119
Q

What can be found in the liver

A

Angiotensinogen

120
Q

What is release from kidney

A

Renin

121
Q

Renin act on angiotensinogen where drop in blood pressure and fluid volume to form

A

Angiotensin 1

122
Q

What is release from lungs

A

ACE (Angiotensin-converting enzyme)

123
Q

ACE acts on angiotensin 1 to form

A

Angiotensin II

124
Q

It acts directly on blood vessels, stimulating vasoconstriction

A

Angiotensin II

125
Q

Angiotensin II act on the adrenal gland to stimulate release of?

A

Aldosterone

126
Q

Acts on kidney to stimulate reabsorption of salt and water

A

Aldosterone

127
Q

Aminopeptidase A acts on Angiotensin II to form

A

Angiotensin III

128
Q

Results

A

Increased sympathetic outflow
Aldosterone synthesis
Increased catecholamine released
Sodium retention
Anti-diuretic hormone release
Vasoconstriction

129
Q

What system

A

Renin-angiotensin System

130
Q

Excessive urine production

A

Diuresis

131
Q

Prevents making too much urine

A

Anti-Diuretic hormone

132
Q

Vasoconstriction where blood pressure increased

A

Vasopressin

133
Q

2 Natriuretic Horomone

A

Atrial NH
Brain NH

134
Q

Carries fluid from the cortex through the medulla;
Responsible for regulation and concentration of urine through the action of ADH

A

Collecting Ducts

135
Q

Filtrate is now called

A

Urine

136
Q

Collecting Ducts reabsorption

A

Water (5-10%) goes back to circulation

137
Q

Regulates water excretion

A

Secretion of ADH

138
Q

Regulates urine/blood osmolality & pH

A

Secretion of Ions (Hydrogen and Amonium

139
Q

Urine Production

A

Urea, Uric Acid, Creatinine, Na, K, HCO3, Hydrogen

140
Q

Three process in urine formation

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

141
Q

Formation of Filtrate

A

Filtration

142
Q

Movement of substance across the filtration membrane into the bowman’s capsule to form filtrate

A

Filtration

143
Q

Solutes are reabsorbed across the wall of the nephron into the interstitial fluid by transport process

A

Reabsorption

144
Q

Solutes are secreted across the wall of the nephron into the filtrate

A

Secretion

145
Q

Filtration Pressure

A

Glomerular Capillary Pressure
Capsular Pressure
Colloidal Oncotic Pressure

146
Q

Pressure within the glomerulus

A

Glomerular Capillary Pressure

147
Q

Pressure inside the bowman’s capsule

A

Capsular Pressure

148
Q

Pressure produced by the blood protein

A

Colloidal Oncotic Pressure

149
Q

Back to plasma

A

Reabsorption

150
Q

How many percent of filtrate is reabsorbed

A

99%

151
Q

What process are used in reabsorption

A

Transport Process (Active Transport (Na&H) and Cotransport (K&Cl))

152
Q

Water and solutes pass from interstitial fluid into the peritubular capillaries

A

Osmosis

153
Q

Primary site of reabsorption of solutes and water (65-70%)

A

Proximal Tubules

154
Q

Further concentrates the filtrate (15%)

A

Descending Limb

155
Q

Dilute the filtrate by removing solutes

A

Ascending Limb

156
Q

Removes more water and solutes (19%)

A

Distal Tubules

157
Q

How many percent left as urine

A

1%

158
Q

Water moves out of nephron

A

Osmosis

159
Q

Solutes move into nephron

A

Diffusion

160
Q

What are secreted in active transport

A

H, K , Creatinine, Histamine

161
Q

What are secreted in Passive Transport

A

NH3

162
Q

Urine has 0

A

Protein and Glucose

163
Q

Small tubes that carry urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder

A

Ureters

164
Q

Hollow muscular container that stores urine and can hold max 1L of urine

A

Urinary Bladder

165
Q

Continent that has ability to hold urine

A

Sphincter

166
Q

What female uses more

A

External Urethral Office

167
Q

What male uses more

A

Internal Urethral Sphincter

168
Q

Tube that exits the bladder carries urine from bladder to the outside

A

Urethra

169
Q

Not well defined in women and under involuntary control in men; contracts during ejaculation to prevent urine flow

A

Internal Sphincter

170
Q

Voluntary control; controls flow of urine through urethra

A

External Sphincter

171
Q

Triangle shaped muscle located between the opening of the ureter and the urethra

A

Trigone

172
Q

Layers of Urinary Bladder Wall

A
  1. Connective Tissue
  2. Detrussor
  3. Connective Tissue
  4. Transitional Epithelium
173
Q

Smooth Muscle Layer

A

Detrussor

174
Q

Inner layer in contact with urine

A

Transitional Epithelium

175
Q

Mechanism of micturition reflex

A

Involuntary reflex

176
Q

Urine stretch the bladder wall ___

A

300-500ml

177
Q

Produce by the stretch receptors are carried along the sacral region

A

Action Potential

178
Q

Action Potential are carried by _____ and stimulates muscle contraction of the bladder and relaxation of urethral sphincter

A

Parasympathetic Nerves

179
Q

Action Potential sends sensory impulse to the ___ and communicates to ___

A

Pons
Cortex

180
Q

Keeps the sphincter close to delay voiding

A

Inhibitory signals

181
Q

Decreased action potentials carried by _____ cause the external urinary sphincter to relax and allow urination

A

Somatic Motor Nerves

182
Q

What is the color of urine

A

Clear Pale Yellow

183
Q

A pigment metabolite coming from destroyed hemoglobin (via Bilirubin)

A

Urochrome

184
Q

It is slightly aromatic and bacterial action gives out ammonia like odor when left standing

A

Normal Urine Odor

185
Q

Normal Urine pH

A

4.5-8

186
Q

Average ph

A

6 Acidic

187
Q

High protein foods such as meat egg cheese and whole wheat

A

Acid Ash

188
Q

Vegetarian Diet

A

Alkaline Ash

189
Q

What is normal range between urine specific gravity

A

1.001 - 1.03

190
Q

An increase in urine specific gravity indicates

A

Dehydration

191
Q

Normal Constitute of Urine

A

Water
Urea
Ions Na, K, PO4 AND SO4
Creatinine and Uric Acid
Small amounts of Ca, Mg and HCO3

192
Q

Abnormal Constitute

A

Glucose, albumin, ketone bodies, rbc,hb, nitrites, bile pigments, wbc, cast

193
Q

Common unorganized segment

A

Uric Acid Crystals and Calcium Oxalate Crystal

194
Q

Common organized segment

A

Squamous Epithelial cell
Transitional “ “ “ “

ANAPHY (4 decks)

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