RENAL SYSTEM Flashcards
What system that has arteries and veins, arterioles and venules
Vascular System
Smaller arteries
Arterioles
Smaller veins
Venules
Clear part of the blood
Plasma
Obtained when blood is separated in the laboratory
Serum
Component of the blood with the plasma
Whole blood
Composed of red cell, white cells, platelets
Blood
It is behind the abdomen and size of fist
Kidney
Large vessel and major artery
Aorta
Major vein in abdomen that is connected to kidney and artery
Inferior vena cava
It is the 2 tubules that connects kidney to urinary bladder
Ureter
Microscopic anatomy of the kidney
Nephron
Remove waste and toxic substance in the blood
Excretory Organs
What organ is excretory organ
Kidney
Metabolic by product of cells and substances
Waste and Toxic
Breakdown of Carbohydrates
Lactic Acid
Breakdown of Fats
Keto Acid
Breakdown of protein
Urea, Nitrogen, Amino, Sulfur
Breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle fiber
Creatinine
By produce of proteins and amino acids
Ammonia (NH3)
Breakdown of Hemoglobin
Bilirubin
Where can we find hemoglobin that gives tint
Liver
Breakdown of nucleic acid (animal protein)
Uric Acid
Where can we find high uric acid
Dark Meat and Bangus
What are the excretions of metabolic waste
Creatinine, Urea, Ammonia, Bilirubin, Uric Acid
What kidney regulates?
Blood volume and Blood pressure
What is the extracellular fluid volume or the hormone that regulates blood plasma?
Renin
What is a urine concentration
Osmolality
How blood volume and pressure are controlled
By extracellular fluid volume and urine concentration
It is the reading came from the heart
Blood pressure
How regulation is accomplished
Kidney
What are also regulates in the blood plasma to know how much to keep or get rid of?
Solute and Ions
What are the solutes and ions in the kidney
Glucose
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Chloride (Cl)
Bicarbonate (HCO3)
Phosphate (HPO4
Calcium (Ca)
What also regulates in body fluid
pH
2 Kinds of pH
Acidity
Alkalinity
Alkaline part of kidney
Bicarbonate
Regulator of the red blood cells synthesis
Erythropoietin
Where RBC are produced
Bone marrow
What organs responsible for maintaining pH
Lungs and Kidneys
What vitamins are synthesis by the kidney
Vitamin D/ Vitamin D3
Active form of Vitamin D or it convert Vit D to?
Calcitriol/ Dihydrocholecalciferol
Is breastmilk has Vit D.?
No
It is needed for development of the child
CalciuM
It helps immune system
Vitamin D.
Absorption of Calcium
Calcitriol
Other word for Kidney
Renal (Latin)
What shape is kidney
Bean shaped
It holds kidney in place
Adipose (fat tissue)
What is the angle where kidney can be found
Costovertebral angle
What ribs
12th rib and 1st 3 lumbar spine
What is behind the peritoneum
Retroperitoneal
What is more lower, right or left
Right Kidney
Superior pole of each kidney
Adrenal Gland
What cavity is kidney located
Abdominal Cavity
It is the structure that is connective tissue (fibrous) where it surrounds and protects the kidney
Renal Capsule
It is also known as indention
Hilum
Medial indention on each side of the kidney where vessels or nerves enter or exit
Hilum
It is the same shape of kidney where they occur embryonically
Ears
Biggest transport area where urine collection begins
Calyx
Cup of a flower funnel shaped branch of the renal pelvis
Calyx
What are in the Hilum
Renal Sinus
Renal Pelvis
Calyx
Fat filled cavity which contains blood vessel
Renal Sinus
Wide section of urinary channel
Renal Pelvis
Inner kidney structure
Renal Parenchymal
Outer
Cortex
Inner
Medulla
Cone shaped section of tissue lying mostly in medulla
Renal Pyramids
Tip of the pyramid
Renal Papilla
It surrounds the pyramid
Calyx
Functional Unit of the Kidney; Greek for kidney
Nephron
Functions of the Kidney
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
From nephron transfer back to blood vessel
Reabsorption
From blood plasma to nephron
Secretion
Capillary bed= network of blood capillaries where filtration starts
Glomerulus
2 kind of arterioles
Afferent Arterioles
Efferent Arterioles
It delivers blood to the glomerulus
Afferent Pathway
It carries blood away from the glomerulus to the vascular system
Efferent Pathway
What do you call when blood plasma enter into the tubule
Filtrate
Part of the nephron that forms a cup-like sack surrounding the glomerulus.
Bowmans Capsule
What returns back to Vascular
70% of water
Ions
Glucose (no sugar in urine)
A part of the Nephron in the kidneys, which helps to reabsorb water and salt from the kidney tubules.
Loop of Henle
2 Kinds of Loop of Henle
Descending Limb (thin segment)
Ascending Limb (thick segment; where most ions are exchanged)
Important in regulating blood pressure
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
How many nephron in each kidney
1.3 Million
How much of blood passes through the kidney 24 hrs
150 liters to 180 liters
Average urinary output
1.0 L to 1.8 L
Loops of henle do not deep into the medulla (80-85% of Nephron)
Cortical Nephrons
Loops of Henle extend deep into the medulla (15-25% of Nephron)
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
Branch of the Aorta
Renal Artery
Branch of inferior vena cava
Renal Vein
Originates from the renal artery
Peritubular Capillaries
Connects to renal vein
Vasa recta
4 Pathways of Artery
Renal Artery
Lobar Artery
Arcuate Artery
Interlobular Artery
5 Component of a nephron
Renal Corpuscles
Proximal Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Tubule
Collecting Ducts
Tiny Body
Renal Corpuscles
2 Renal Corpuscle
Glomerulus
Bowman’s Capsule
(Ball of yarn) Tufts of capillaries
Glomerulus
Arteriole blood goes in for filtration (INFLOW OF BLOOD)
Afferent Arterioles
Arteriole blood goes out to supply the blood circulation of the nephron (OUTFLOW OF BLOOD)
Efferent Arterioles
Double walled chamber (3 Filtration Membrane)
Bowman’s Capsule
3 Layers of Filtration Membrane
Podocyte Cell Processes
Basement Membrane
Capillary Endothelium
where glomerulus is separated from the bowman’s capsule
Capillary Endothelium
First layer of bowman’s capsule where it has own pores
Basement Membrane
Elephant Feet
Podocytes
It can’t pass or not filtered and goes back through efferent pathway
Blood cells and Protein
What it filtrates
Toxic waste
Glucose
Ion
2 Toxic Waste
Urea
Creatinine
Carries fluid away from the capsule
Proximal Tubule
How many percent of water goes back to the circulation in reabsorption
70%
What is now fluid called
Filtrate Fluid
Fluid that passes across the filtration membrane
Filtrate
Reabsorption of ions
Loop of Henle
Downward tube and is permeable to water
Descending Limb
Upward Tube and is permeable to solutes (K and Na)
Ascending limb
Reabsorption of water (20-25%) and Secretion of Renin
Distal Convoluted Tubules
Secretion of Renin (RAAS)
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Where renin can be found
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Consist of cells from the wall of the afferent arteriole and the distal tubule;
Junction of the secretion of Renin
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
What can be found in the liver
Angiotensinogen
What is release from kidney
Renin
Renin act on angiotensinogen where drop in blood pressure and fluid volume to form
Angiotensin 1
What is release from lungs
ACE (Angiotensin-converting enzyme)
ACE acts on angiotensin 1 to form
Angiotensin II
It acts directly on blood vessels, stimulating vasoconstriction
Angiotensin II
Angiotensin II act on the adrenal gland to stimulate release of?
Aldosterone
Acts on kidney to stimulate reabsorption of salt and water
Aldosterone
Aminopeptidase A acts on Angiotensin II to form
Angiotensin III
Results
Increased sympathetic outflow
Aldosterone synthesis
Increased catecholamine released
Sodium retention
Anti-diuretic hormone release
Vasoconstriction
What system
Renin-angiotensin System
Excessive urine production
Diuresis
Prevents making too much urine
Anti-Diuretic hormone
Vasoconstriction where blood pressure increased
Vasopressin
2 Natriuretic Horomone
Atrial NH
Brain NH
Carries fluid from the cortex through the medulla;
Responsible for regulation and concentration of urine through the action of ADH
Collecting Ducts
Filtrate is now called
Urine
Collecting Ducts reabsorption
Water (5-10%) goes back to circulation
Regulates water excretion
Secretion of ADH
Regulates urine/blood osmolality & pH
Secretion of Ions (Hydrogen and Amonium
Urine Production
Urea, Uric Acid, Creatinine, Na, K, HCO3, Hydrogen
Three process in urine formation
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Formation of Filtrate
Filtration
Movement of substance across the filtration membrane into the bowman’s capsule to form filtrate
Filtration
Solutes are reabsorbed across the wall of the nephron into the interstitial fluid by transport process
Reabsorption
Solutes are secreted across the wall of the nephron into the filtrate
Secretion
Filtration Pressure
Glomerular Capillary Pressure
Capsular Pressure
Colloidal Oncotic Pressure
Pressure within the glomerulus
Glomerular Capillary Pressure
Pressure inside the bowman’s capsule
Capsular Pressure
Pressure produced by the blood protein
Colloidal Oncotic Pressure
Back to plasma
Reabsorption
How many percent of filtrate is reabsorbed
99%
What process are used in reabsorption
Transport Process (Active Transport (Na&H) and Cotransport (K&Cl))
Water and solutes pass from interstitial fluid into the peritubular capillaries
Osmosis
Primary site of reabsorption of solutes and water (65-70%)
Proximal Tubules
Further concentrates the filtrate (15%)
Descending Limb
Dilute the filtrate by removing solutes
Ascending Limb
Removes more water and solutes (19%)
Distal Tubules
How many percent left as urine
1%
Water moves out of nephron
Osmosis
Solutes move into nephron
Diffusion
What are secreted in active transport
H, K , Creatinine, Histamine
What are secreted in Passive Transport
NH3
Urine has 0
Protein and Glucose
Small tubes that carry urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder
Ureters
Hollow muscular container that stores urine and can hold max 1L of urine
Urinary Bladder
Continent that has ability to hold urine
Sphincter
What female uses more
External Urethral Office
What male uses more
Internal Urethral Sphincter
Tube that exits the bladder carries urine from bladder to the outside
Urethra
Not well defined in women and under involuntary control in men; contracts during ejaculation to prevent urine flow
Internal Sphincter
Voluntary control; controls flow of urine through urethra
External Sphincter
Triangle shaped muscle located between the opening of the ureter and the urethra
Trigone
Layers of Urinary Bladder Wall
- Connective Tissue
- Detrussor
- Connective Tissue
- Transitional Epithelium
Smooth Muscle Layer
Detrussor
Inner layer in contact with urine
Transitional Epithelium
Mechanism of micturition reflex
Involuntary reflex
Urine stretch the bladder wall ___
300-500ml
Produce by the stretch receptors are carried along the sacral region
Action Potential
Action Potential are carried by _____ and stimulates muscle contraction of the bladder and relaxation of urethral sphincter
Parasympathetic Nerves
Action Potential sends sensory impulse to the ___ and communicates to ___
Pons
Cortex
Keeps the sphincter close to delay voiding
Inhibitory signals
Decreased action potentials carried by _____ cause the external urinary sphincter to relax and allow urination
Somatic Motor Nerves
What is the color of urine
Clear Pale Yellow
A pigment metabolite coming from destroyed hemoglobin (via Bilirubin)
Urochrome
It is slightly aromatic and bacterial action gives out ammonia like odor when left standing
Normal Urine Odor
Normal Urine pH
4.5-8
Average ph
6 Acidic
High protein foods such as meat egg cheese and whole wheat
Acid Ash
Vegetarian Diet
Alkaline Ash
What is normal range between urine specific gravity
1.001 - 1.03
An increase in urine specific gravity indicates
Dehydration
Normal Constitute of Urine
Water
Urea
Ions Na, K, PO4 AND SO4
Creatinine and Uric Acid
Small amounts of Ca, Mg and HCO3
Abnormal Constitute
Glucose, albumin, ketone bodies, rbc,hb, nitrites, bile pigments, wbc, cast
Common unorganized segment
Uric Acid Crystals and Calcium Oxalate Crystal
Common organized segment
Squamous Epithelial cell
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