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Anat and Phys > Renal system 1 > Flashcards

Renal system 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary system structure

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 bladder
1 urethra

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2
Q

kidney functions

A
  • excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs (urine)
  • regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
  • regulating ion concentrations in ECM fluid
  • ensuring long-term acid base balance
  • activation of vitamin D
  • carrying out gluconeogenesis
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3
Q

Endocrine function

A
  • Erythropoietin (regulating the RBC production_

- Renin (regulating the BP)

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4
Q

Kidney gross anatomy

A

Urine flow: renal pyramid -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter

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5
Q

The nephron

Consists of

A

Structural and functional units that form urine
Approx. 1 million per kidney
Blood in -> filtrate out
Consists of: corpuscle and renal tubules

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6
Q

4 things of the nephron

A
  1. filtration
  2. reabsorption
  3. secretion
  4. excretion
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7
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Bowman’s capsule + glomerulus, site where blood is filtered

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8
Q

Glomerulus

A
  • afferent arteriole enters glomerulus
  • capillaries highly porous and speciiased for filtration
  • blood pressure in glomerulus high
  • filter allows molecules smaller than 3nm to pass (water, glucose, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes)
  • filter retains: cells, most proteins -> some blood leaves via efferent arteriole
  • everything past the filter = filtrate = plasma = derived fluid that renal tubules process to form urine
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9
Q

Renal tubule

A 
- long coiled tube that collects filtrate 
4 parts
1. proximal convoluted tubule
2. loop of henle: concentration gradient
3. distal convoluted tubule: secretion
4. collecting duct: excretion
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10
Q

Nephron location

A
  1. Cortical nephrons
    - almost entirely in renal cortex
    - make up 85% of nephrons
    - Only tip of loop of Henle dip into medulla
  2. Juxtamedullary nephrons
    - renal corpuscle near the medulla
    - loop of Henle dips deep into the medulla
    - function in maintain osmotic gradient
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11
Q

four major renal processes

A
  1. glomerular filtration: produces cell and protein free filtrate
  2. tutbular reabsorption: selectively returns 99% of substances from filtrate to blood in renal tubules and collecting duct
  3. tubular secretion: selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts
  4. excretion: removal of urine from the body
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12
Q

glomerular filtration

A

in the glomerulus -> site where blood is filtered
blood into glomerulus -> afferent arteriole
blood out of glomerulus -> efferent arteriole
Efferent arteriole carred blood from glomerulus that gives rise to 2 types of capillary beds: peritubular capillary, vasa recta
- cortical radiate vein

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13
Q

blood vessels of the kidney

A
  • Arterial flow: aorta -> renal artery -> segmental -> interlobar -> arcuate -> cortial radiate artery
  • Glomerulus capillaries - afferent and efferent arteriole
  • venous flow: cortical radiate vein -> arcuate -> interlobar -> renal veins -> inferior vena cava
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14
Q

Pertiubula capillaries

A

in the cortex

low-pressure, porous capillaries adapted for absorption of water and solutes

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15
Q

Vasa recta

A

In the medulla

Straight capillaries, function in formation of concentratied urine

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16
Q

Cells of the glomerulus

A

Capillary epithelial cells - make up blood vessels of the glomerulus
Podocytes - make up the filter
Mesangial cells - keeping the filter free of debris

17
Q

Podocytes

A 
In glomerulus
Spider shaped cells
Prevent passage of proteins through filter
Each glomerulus 500-600 podocytes
Have limited ability for self-renewal 
Support capillary loops
18
Q

Mesangial cells

A

Specialised cells around blood vesses in the glomerulus -> support capillary loops
Macromolecules stuck in filtration membrane are engulfed by glomerular mesangial cells
Keep the filter free of debris

19
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

Cup-shapes, hollow structure surround glomerulus
Consists of 2 layers: parietal layer (simple squamous epithelium)
Visceral layer (glomerular capillary covered by podocytes)
Clings to glomerular capillaries
Branching epithelial podocytes

20
Q

Glomerular filtration barriers

A

Filtrate must cross 3 barriers to enter glomerular capsular space

  1. capillary epithelial cell layer
  2. basement membrane
  3. surrouns epithelial cell layer of visceral layer
21
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

Movement of protein-free plasm from glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule
Passive process, filtered under pressure (hydrostatic pressure to force fluid and solutes through)
Fluid entering Bowman’s is ultra-filtrate or filtrate - no reabsorption into capillaries occurs

22
Q

Glomerular filtration pressure

A

Driven by starling forces:

  1. hydrostatic pressure
  2. oncotic pressure
23
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure any fluid exerts in a confined space
Pressure that blood exerts = BP
When blood moves, fluid moces out throug pores and into the interstitial space across a semi-permeable from high to low p
Pressure exerted by blood will become lower from the arterial to the venous end

24
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

Presence of non-permeating solutes exert on oncotic pressure
Created predominanty by proteins
Draws water from areas of low solute concentration to high

25
Q

Starling’s forces

A

Hydrostatic p pushes water out, while oncots pulls it back

Difference between the measures of pressure decides whether water leaves the capillary or not

26
Q

Renal hydrostatic pressure
Glomerular capillary
Bowman’s capsule

A

G: favours filtration from glomerulus, ghier than normal BP as resistance in efferent arterial creates built up pressure 60 mmHg
B: opposes filtration from glomerulus 60mmHg

27
Q

Renal oncotic pressure
Glomerular
Bowman’s

A

G: opposes filtration
Presence of proteins in the plasma draws fluid back to glomerulus
B: very little osmotic force normally as proteins are not normally present in filtrate

28
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A
  • Volume of plasma filtered through both kidneys per unit of time
  • GFR in an average is 125ml/min
    99% filtrate is reabsorbed by renal tubules
29
Q

GFR determined by

A
  1. net glomerular filtration pressure
  2. permeability of filtration barrier
  3. sufrace are available for filtration
30
Q

Filtered load

A

Quantity of a particular solute that is filtered per unit time

Anat and Phys (19 decks)

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