Renal Structure

Question 1

Renal capsule directly covers…

Answer 1

kidney

Question 2

Renal capsule is composed of connective tissue that divides into 2 layers:

Answer 2

Fibroblast/collagen outer layer and myofibroblast inner layer

Question 3

Renal cortex is mainly composed of…

Answer 3

fibroblast

Question 4

Renal medullary is mainly composed of…

Answer 4

fibroblast,macrophages,pericysts and insterstitial cells

Question 5

Renal medulla is composed of 8 to 10 coned shapped masses called…

Answer 5

Renal pyramids

Question 6

The base of each pyramid originates at the border between …

Answer 6

cortex and medulla and terminates at the papilla (aka renal pelvis)

Question 7

Renal blood supply starts with …

Answer 7

renal arteries

Question 8

Renal circulation constitutes of two capillary beds…

what are those capillaries?

Answer 8

Glomerular and peritubular capillaries

Question 9

Peritubular capillaries

Answer 9

-surround renal tubules
-have low hydrostatic pressure (fluid moves from the outside to inside capillary)
-favors reabsorption

Question 10

Glomerular capillaries

Answer 10

-have high hydrostatic pressure
-fluid moves from the inside of capillary to the outside
-favors filtration

Question 11

Nephron

Answer 11

functional unit of the kidney

Question 12

Uriniferous tubule

Answer 12

highly convuluted structure that modifies the fluid passing to form urine

Question 13

Nephron doesn’t include…

Answer 13

connecting duct

Question 14

Nephron branches into…

Answer 14

renal corpuscle
proximal tubule
loop of henle
distal tubule
connecting tubule

Question 15

connecting tubule

Answer 15

short minor part linking nephron to collecting duct

Question 16

Filtration barrier mediates passage of…

Answer 16

proteins,molecules we don’t need

Question 17

Basal lamina consists of 3 layers:

Answer 17

lamina rara externa
lamina densa(thick layer)(consists of collagen type IV)
lamina rara interna

Question 18

Epithelial cells that become modified to perform filtering function are called

Answer 18

podocytes

Question 19

Podocysts manufacture …

Answer 19

glomerular endothelial growth factor

Question 20

Pedicels have a well developed glycocalyx composed of …

Answer 20

negatively charged sialoproteins, which form an electrostatic repulsion that contributes to the formation of the filtration barrier

Question 21

alfa 3 and beta 1 intergrins in plasmalemma help them to …

Answer 21

adhere to the basal lamina

Question 22

Filtration slits are..

Answer 22

are spaces that remain between adjacent pedicels after interdigitation

Question 23

Filtration slits are covered with a thin…

Answer 23

flitration slit diaphragm

Question 24

flitration slit diaphragm extend between neighboring pedicels and act as a …

Answer 24

filtration barrier

Question 25

sllit diaphragm of two neighboring pedicels bind to each other via...

Answer 25

extracytoplasmic moieties of the transmembrane proteins nephrin

Question 26

Slit diaphragm are important for maintaining..

Answer 26

glomerular permeability

Question 27

If there is a genetic mutation of nephrin...

Answer 27

nephron syndrome is produced

Question 28

Mesangial cells function is to ...

Answer 28

provide support to the capillaries

Question 29

There are 2 groups of mesangial cells:

Answer 29

-Extraglomerular mesangial cells(which are located in vascular pole)(outside glomerulus -Intraglomerular mesangial cells (pericyte like cells, located within renal corpuscle) (inside glomerulus)

Question 30

Intraglomerular mesangial cells function is...

Answer 30

phagocytic function also collagen synthesis important for contraction provide physical support to capillaries of the glomerulus

Question 31

Mesangial cells synthesize ...

Answer 31

interleukin 1, endothelins,platelet derived growth factor,prostaglandins E2

Question 32

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus has three components:

Answer 32

Macula densa (of the distal tubule) Juxtaglomerular cells(of the afferent glomerular arteriole) Extraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 33

Function of juxtaglomerular cells is to...

Answer 33

secrete hormones (renin)

Question 34

Macula densa function is to...

Answer 34

detect changes in Na+ utilizes feedback mechanisms to regulate glomerular filtration

Question 35

Juxtaglomerular cells are...

Answer 35

smooth muscle cells located in tunica media of afferent glomerular arterioles which are richly innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers

Question 36

What happens when there is a presence of high Na+?

Answer 36

macula densa detect the high NaCl concentration via apical Na+,K+ co transporter

Question 37

Elevated filtration or reduced reabsorption of sodium and water equals...

Answer 37

higher Na at macula densa

Question 38

Proximal tubule has 2 regions:

Answer 38

Proximal convoluted tubule and Pars recta of the proximal tubule

Question 39

Bowman space drains into...

Answer 39

proximal tubule at the urinary pole

Question 40

Function of the Proximal convoluted tubule...

Answer 40

-hydroxylation of vit D and release it to the capillaries -fibroblastic interstitial cells near proximal tubules produce erythropoietin

Question 41

Henle Loop divides into:

Answer 41

descending thin limb= highly permeable to water and moderately permeable to urea ascending thick limb= not permeable to either water or urea(manufactures Tamm Horsfall protein uromodulin which impedes formation of kidney stones and decreases chances of urinary tract infections)

Question 42

Distal convoluted tubule rate of Na+ reabsorption is regulated by...

Answer 42

Aldosterone from Adrenal glands

Question 43

Distal convoluted tubule is impermeable to ...

Answer 43

water and to urea

Question 44

In response to hormone aldosteron, the distal convoluted tubule ...

Answer 44

actively reabsorbs almost all of the remaining sodium from the lumen of the tubule into renal interstitium

Question 45

K+ and hydrogen ions are actively secreted into the lumen thus...

Answer 45

controlling body's extracellular fluid K+ levels and controlling the acidity of the urine

Question 46

Distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons join to form...

Answer 46

short connecting tubule that eventually leads to form the collecting tubule

Question 47

Cortical collecting tubules have 2 types of cuboidal cells...

Answer 47

principal cells(light cells)=site of action of the ADH (aka antidiuretic hormone) intercalated cells(dark cells)= help maintain acid and base balance. Have type alfa cells and beta cells type alfa cells = acidify urine type beta cells= make urine less acidic