Renal Stones (Calculi) Flashcards
What are the most common cause of upper urinary tract obstructions?
Kidney stones.
Which gender is more susceptible to kidney stones?
Males.
Define lithogenesis.
The formation of kidney stones (renal calculi).
Of the stones that are formed in adults, what is the most common that are formed?
Calcium Oxalate.
What are struvite stones composed of?
Ammonium Phosphate.
Besides ammonium phosphate, what are other stones composed of?
Uric acid and cysteine.
In the pediatric population, the majority of kidney stones are going to be seen in what race?
Caucasians.
The matrix of the renal stones is partially composed of organic material that is going to be excreted from where?
The renal tubules.
Where are kidney stones found within the kidney?
Renal calicies, renal pelvis, ureters, or the bladder.
What are the factors that influence the formation of kidney stones?
(1) A supersaturation of chemical salts
(2) Optimal pH
(3) Urinary stasis - the blood is being held still allowing precipitation
(4) Nucleation/initial crystal formation
Struvite stones are going to be initiated by ___ producing bacteria, and bacteria that produce ___.
urease; biofilms.
What is the clinical presentation indicative of renal stones?
Severe flank pain (renal colic).
(T/F) We are unable to see kidney stones.
False, we are able to see kidney stones microscopically.
What is the common treatment for renal stone prevention?
Increase fluid intake and diet change (chemical salts are not present in excess).
What is the surgical treatment that is used to destroy renal stones?
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
