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LBBBI15 > RENAL PHYSIOLOGY/URINALYSIS > Flashcards

RENAL PHYSIOLOGY/URINALYSIS Flashcards

1
Q

The most important function of the kidney is its

A

ability to maintain the stability of the ECF volume, electrolyte composition and osmolarity

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2
Q

What is the 60-40-15-5 Rule?

A

60% = water
40% = intracellular fluid
20% = extracellular fluid
–> 15% = interstitial fluid
–> 5% = plasma

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3
Q

Where is the kidney located?

A

T12-L3

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4
Q

Where is the kidney situated?

A

retroperitoneum

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5
Q

The kidney is divided into:

A
  1. Outer: Renal Cortex
  2. Inner: Renal Medulla
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6
Q

Fill in the blanks: Formed ____________ the kidney, ____________ the ureter, and is_________________________.

A

urine exits, through, renal pelvis, stored in the urinary bladder

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7
Q

Functions:

A
  1. H2O balance
  2. osmolarity
  3. electrolytes
  4. plasma volume
  5. Acid-Base
  6. Eliminating waste products
  7. Eliminating drugs
  8. Erythropoietin
  9. blood pressure through renin production
  10. Vitamin D to its active form
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8
Q

What is the unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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9
Q

What is the nephron?

A

structural and functional units

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10
Q

What is nephron made up of?

A
  1. vascular component
  2. tubular component
  3. combined component
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11
Q

Two major types of Nephrons

A
  1. Cortical Nephron
  2. Juxtamedullary Nephron
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12
Q

Make up 75% of nephrons

A

Cortical Nephron

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13
Q

Make up 25% of nephrons

A

Juxtamedullary Nephron

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14
Q

Located in the renal cortex

A

Cortical Nephron

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15
Q

Located in the corticomedullary junction

A

Juxtamedullary Nephron

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16
Q

Shorter Loops of Henle

A

Cortical Nephron

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17
Q

Longer Loops of Henle

A

Juxtamedullary Nephron

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18
Q

Has peritubular capillaries

A

Cortical Nephron

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19
Q

Has vasa recta

A

Juxtamedullary Nephron

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20
Q

Vascular Component consists of

A
  1. Afferent arteriole
  2. Glomerulus
  3. Efferent arteriole
  4. Peritubular arteriole
  5. Vasa Recta
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21
Q

carries blood to the glomerulus

A

Afferent arteriole

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22
Q

tuft of capillaries that filters plasma into the tubular component

A

Glomerulus

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23
Q

carries blood away from the glomerulus

A

Efferent arteriole

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24
Q

involved in the exchange of substances with the fluid in the tubular component

A

Peritubular capillaries

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25
Q

serves as an osmotic exchanger for the concentration of urine

A

Vasa recta

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26
Q

Tubular Component consists of

A
  1. Bowman’s Capsule
  2. Proximal Tubule
  3. Loop of Henle
  4. Distal Tubule
  5. Collecting Duct
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27
Q

collects the glomerular filtrate

A

Bowman’s capsule

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28
Q

Site of reabsorption of 100% of Glucose and amino acids

A

Proximal Tubule

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29
Q

Establishes the osmolarity of urine

A

Loop of Henle

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30
Q

Descending limb: permeable to

A

water

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31
Q

Ascending limb: permeable to

32
Q

Reabsorption of Na

A

Distal Tubule

33
Q

Variable reabsorption and secretion of K

A

Distal Tubule

34
Q

Secretion of H+

A

Distal Tubule

35
Q

Site of Macula Densa

A

Distal Tubule

36
Q

Site of action of Antidiuretic Hormone

A

Collecting Duct

37
Q

____ urine volume & ______ urine concentration

38
Q

Combined Component consists of

A
  1. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
39
Q

Found in the walls of the afferent arterioles

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

40
Q

Produces Renin which helps in the maintenance of blood pressure

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

41
Q

Basic Steps in Urine Formation

A
  1. Glomerular Filtration
  2. Tubular Reabsorption
  3. Tubular Secretion
  4. Excretion
42
Q

It is the process of expelling urine

A

Micturition

43
Q

Initiated by a nervous reflex that causes contraction of the detrusor muscle

A

Micturition

44
Q

Is the analysis of urine

A

Urinalysis

45
Q

Urinalysis is divided into:

A
  1. Physical examination
  2. Chemical examination
  3. Microscopic examination
46
Q

Volume in P.E of urine

A

0.5-1.5 mL/kg/hour

47
Q

End product of bilirubin metabolism

A

Urobilinogen

48
Q

Urobilinogen is elevated in:

A

Hemolysis, liver disease, blood dyscrasias

49
Q

Normal Proteinuria

A

<150mg/day

50
Q

Normal Albuminuria

51
Q

increased quantity of proteins in the serum

A

Overflow proteinuria

52
Q

due to low reabsorption at proximal tubule

A

Fanconi syndrome

53
Q

Normal pH of urine

54
Q

If alkaline, the most common cause is

A

stale or old urine specimens

55
Q

Presence of blood cells in urine

56
Q

Caused by renal stones, kidney diseases, or trauma

57
Q

Product of body fat metabolism

A

Ketone Bodies

58
Q

presence of ketone bodies in urine

59
Q

Most commonly caused by Hepatocellular (liver) disease

A

Bilirubinuria

60
Q

Abnormality where conjugated bilirubin is detected in urine

A

Bilirubinuria

61
Q

100% of glucose is reabsorbed in

A

proximal tubule

62
Q

TRUE or FALSE: urine should contain glucose

63
Q

caused by untreated Diabetes Mellitus

A

Glycosuria

64
Q

increased frequency of urination

65
Q

waking up to urinate more than once per night

66
Q

Usually seen when glucose serum levels exceed

67
Q

Also known as Renal Calculi/Kidney Stones

A

Urinary Stones

68
Q

Formed as a result of a crystal or crystalline concentration

A

Urinary Stones

69
Q

occurs from supersaturation of a certain solute

A

Concretion

70
Q

Most common type
Linked to high consumption of food high in oxalate

A

Calcium Oxalate

71
Q

Caused by hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis or UTI

A

Calcium Phosphate

72
Q

Result of certain types of UTI

73
Q

Occur in people who don’t drink enough water or have a diet high in animal protein

74
Q

Caused by a genetic disorder called cystinuria –> excessive cystine in urine

75
Q

Are formed from an aggregation of proteins called Tamm-Horsfall proteins

A

Urinary Casts

LBBBI15 (10 decks)

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