BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
What is the color of Blood?
Red gold
What is blood made of?
cellular and extracellular elements
How many liters of blood are in human bodies?
approximately 5L
What are the functions?
- Carries oxygen and nutrients to living cells and removes waste products
- Immunity
- Hemostasis
- Distribution of Heat
4 Characteristics of Blood
- Color
- Viscosity
- pH
- Volume
Oxygenated =
Bright Red
Deoxygenated =
Dark Red
Viscosity
5x more viscous than water due to the plasma proteins and formed elements
What is the normal pH range?
7.35–7.45
Volume in Adult males
5–6 L of blood
Volume in Adult females
4-5 L of blood
Where does blood come from?
Red marrow within the spaces of cancellous (spongy) bone tissue
Where does blood come from? In children?
Medullary cavity of long bones
Where does blood come from? In adults?
Cranial and pelvic bones, vertebrae, sternum, and the proximal epiphyses of the femur and the humerus
All of the formed elements of blood originate from this specific type of cell
Hematopoietic stem cell
Hematopoietic growth factors
induce the HSC to divide and differentiate
Function of Lymphoid stem cells
Give rise to lymphocytes
Function of Myeloid stem cells
Give rise to the formed elements
What is blood composed of?
- Plasma = 55%
- Erythrocytes = 45%
- Leukocytes = “Buffy coat”
What makes up Whole Blood?
- Cellular Elements = RBCs, WBCs, Platelets
- Plasma
The most abundant of the plasma proteins
Albumin
The most common formed element
Erythrocytes
The main function of Erythrocytes
To carry Hemoglobin
What is the shape of Erythrocytes?
Biconcave
Why are Erythrocytes biconcave in shape?
- Due to lack of organelles
- Allows the RBC to squeeze through capillaries
- Greater area of gas exchange
- To make space of Hemoglobin
The volume of RBC relative to whole blood
Hematocrit
Commonly known as a white blood cell (WBC)
Leukocytes
What role do leukocytes play in the composition of blood?
A major component of the body’s defenses against disease
Difference between Leukocytes and Erythrocytes
Leukocytes have shorter lifespan than Erythrocytes
How do leukocytes perform their defensive functions in the body’s tissues?
- Margination
- Rolling
- Adhesion
- Diapedesis
- Chemotaxis
In Margination,
Leukocytes move towards the endothelial wall
Rolling or tumbling motion of leukocytes towards site of injury
Rolling
Attachment of leukocytes to the endothelium
Adhesion
The process used in leaving the capillaries
Diapedesis
The movement of the leukocytes to the site of injury
Chemotaxis
Classification of Leukocytes
- Granular Leukocytes
- Agranular Leukocytes
The classification of Leukocytes is divided into two groups according to
whether their cytoplasm contained highly visible granules
Contain abundant granules
Granular Leukocytes
Have far fewer and less obvious granules
Agranular Leukocytes
Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Granular Leukocytes
Include monocytes, which mature into macrophages
Agranular Leukocytes
Arise from myeloid stem cell
Granular Leukocytes
Arise from the lymphoid stem cell line
Agranular Leukocytes
Most abundant of all WBCs
Neutrophils
Typically 2-4% of the total leukocyte count
Eosinophils
Normally comprise 50-70% of total leukocyte count
Neutrophils
The nucleus typically has 2 lobes
Eosinophils
The nucleus has a distinct lobed appearance (3 to 5 lobes)
Neutrophils
The granules include antihistamine molecules and toxins for parasitic worms
Eosinophils
Plays a role in allergic reactions
Basophils
Contains granules of histamine and heparin
Basophils
Plays a role in viral infections
Lymphocytes
Three major groups in Lymphocytes:
Natural Killer cells, B cells and T cells
2-8% of the total leukocyte count
Monocytes
Has intended horseshoe-shaped nuclei
Monocytes
TRUE or FALSE: Macrophages are monocytes that have left the circulation.
TRUE
Involved in specific immunity
B&T Lymphocytes
Capable of recognizing that do not express “self” proteins
Natural Killer Cells
TRUE or FALSE: B cells (plasma cells) produce the antibodies or immunoglobulins
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: “Nonself” cells include cancer cells, cells infected with the virus, and cells and atypical surface proteins
TRUE
Essential for the repair of blood vessels
Thrombocytes (Platelets)
A ____________ is a fragment of the cytoplasm of a megakaryocyte.
platelet
Mature into platelets
Megakaryocytes
Remain only about 10 days, then are phagocytized by macrophages
Platelets
What happens when a vessel is damaged?
- Vasoconstriction
- Primary Hemostasis/Formation of a Loose Platelet Plug
- Secondary Hemostasis/Blood Coagulation
- Resolution
Vasoconstriction is initiated via:
1) Local smooth muscle myogenic spasm
2) Production of Endothelin-1
In Primary Hemostasis
1) Platelet Adhesion
2) Platelet Activation
3) Platelet Aggregation
Mediated by vWF of ruptured blood vessels and Gp1b of platelets
Platelet Adhesion
Platelets change shape in
Platelet Activation
Mediated by fibrinogen and Gp2b-3a of platelets
Platelet Aggregation
Clotting Factors in Secondary Hemostasis/Blood Coagulation
Produced by the liver
___________ without clotting factors is called serum.
Plasma
Intrinsic pathway begins with __________________.
Factor XII
Extrinsic pathway begins with _________________.
Factor VII
Common pathway
Factor X
Prothrombin is activated to
Thrombin
In Resolution, healing is completed when
there is clot lysis by fibrinolysin or plasmin
Fill in the blanks: When healing is complete, there is clot lysis by ______________ or ____________.
fibrinolysin, plasmin
Has A antigens on the RBC with anti-B antibodies in the plasma
Blood Group A
Has B antigens with anti-A antibodies in the plasma
Blood Group B
Has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies are in the plasma
Blood Group O
Has both A and B antigens but no antibodies
Blood Group AB
