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LBBBI15 > BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What is the color of Blood?

A

Red gold

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2
Q

What is blood made of?

A

cellular and extracellular elements

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3
Q

How many liters of blood are in human bodies?

A

approximately 5L

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4
Q

What are the functions?

A
  1. Carries oxygen and nutrients to living cells and removes waste products
  2. Immunity
  3. Hemostasis
  4. Distribution of Heat
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5
Q

4 Characteristics of Blood

A
  1. Color
  2. Viscosity
  3. pH
  4. Volume
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6
Q

Oxygenated =

A

Bright Red

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7
Q

Deoxygenated =

A

Dark Red

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8
Q

Viscosity

A

5x more viscous than water due to the plasma proteins and formed elements

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9
Q

What is the normal pH range?

A

7.35–7.45

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10
Q

Volume in Adult males

A

5–6 L of blood

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11
Q

Volume in Adult females

A

4-5 L of blood

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12
Q

Where does blood come from?

A

Red marrow within the spaces of cancellous (spongy) bone tissue

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13
Q

Where does blood come from? In children?

A

Medullary cavity of long bones

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14
Q

Where does blood come from? In adults?

A

Cranial and pelvic bones, vertebrae, sternum, and the proximal epiphyses of the femur and the humerus

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15
Q

All of the formed elements of blood originate from this specific type of cell

A

Hematopoietic stem cell

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16
Q

Hematopoietic growth factors

A

induce the HSC to divide and differentiate

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17
Q

Function of Lymphoid stem cells

A

Give rise to lymphocytes

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18
Q

Function of Myeloid stem cells

A

Give rise to the formed elements

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19
Q

What is blood composed of?

A
  1. Plasma = 55%
  2. Erythrocytes = 45%
  3. Leukocytes = “Buffy coat”
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20
Q

What makes up Whole Blood?

A
  1. Cellular Elements = RBCs, WBCs, Platelets
  2. Plasma
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21
Q

The most abundant of the plasma proteins

A

Albumin

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22
Q

The most common formed element

A

Erythrocytes

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23
Q

The main function of Erythrocytes

A

To carry Hemoglobin

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24
Q

What is the shape of Erythrocytes?

A

Biconcave

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25
Q

Why are Erythrocytes biconcave in shape?

A
  • Due to lack of organelles
  • Allows the RBC to squeeze through capillaries
  • Greater area of gas exchange
  • To make space of Hemoglobin
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26
Q

The volume of RBC relative to whole blood

A

Hematocrit

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27
Q

Commonly known as a white blood cell (WBC)

A

Leukocytes

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28
Q

What role do leukocytes play in the composition of blood?

A

A major component of the body’s defenses against disease

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29
Q

Difference between Leukocytes and Erythrocytes

A

Leukocytes have shorter lifespan than Erythrocytes

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30
Q

How do leukocytes perform their defensive functions in the body’s tissues?

A
  1. Margination
  2. Rolling
  3. Adhesion
  4. Diapedesis
  5. Chemotaxis
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31
Q

In Margination,

A

Leukocytes move towards the endothelial wall

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32
Q

Rolling or tumbling motion of leukocytes towards site of injury

A

Rolling

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33
Q

Attachment of leukocytes to the endothelium

A

Adhesion

34
Q

The process used in leaving the capillaries

A

Diapedesis

35
Q

The movement of the leukocytes to the site of injury

A

Chemotaxis

36
Q

Classification of Leukocytes

A
  1. Granular Leukocytes
  2. Agranular Leukocytes
37
Q

The classification of Leukocytes is divided into two groups according to

A

whether their cytoplasm contained highly visible granules

38
Q

Contain abundant granules

A

Granular Leukocytes

39
Q

Have far fewer and less obvious granules

A

Agranular Leukocytes

40
Q

Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

A

Granular Leukocytes

41
Q

Include monocytes, which mature into macrophages

A

Agranular Leukocytes

42
Q

Arise from myeloid stem cell

A

Granular Leukocytes

43
Q

Arise from the lymphoid stem cell line

A

Agranular Leukocytes

44
Q

Most abundant of all WBCs

A

Neutrophils

45
Q

Typically 2-4% of the total leukocyte count

A

Eosinophils

46
Q

Normally comprise 50-70% of total leukocyte count

A

Neutrophils

47
Q

The nucleus typically has 2 lobes

A

Eosinophils

48
Q

The nucleus has a distinct lobed appearance (3 to 5 lobes)

A

Neutrophils

49
Q

The granules include antihistamine molecules and toxins for parasitic worms

A

Eosinophils

50
Q

Plays a role in allergic reactions

A

Basophils

51
Q

Contains granules of histamine and heparin

A

Basophils

52
Q

Plays a role in viral infections

A

Lymphocytes

53
Q

Three major groups in Lymphocytes:

A

Natural Killer cells, B cells and T cells

54
Q

2-8% of the total leukocyte count

A

Monocytes

55
Q

Has intended horseshoe-shaped nuclei

A

Monocytes

56
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Macrophages are monocytes that have left the circulation.

A

TRUE

57
Q

Involved in specific immunity

A

B&T Lymphocytes

58
Q

Capable of recognizing that do not express “self” proteins

A

Natural Killer Cells

59
Q

TRUE or FALSE: B cells (plasma cells) produce the antibodies or immunoglobulins

A

TRUE

60
Q

TRUE or FALSE: “Nonself” cells include cancer cells, cells infected with the virus, and cells and atypical surface proteins

A

TRUE

61
Q

Essential for the repair of blood vessels

A

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

62
Q

A ____________ is a fragment of the cytoplasm of a megakaryocyte.

A

platelet

63
Q

Mature into platelets

A

Megakaryocytes

64
Q

Remain only about 10 days, then are phagocytized by macrophages

A

Platelets

65
Q

What happens when a vessel is damaged?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Primary Hemostasis/Formation of a Loose Platelet Plug
  3. Secondary Hemostasis/Blood Coagulation
  4. Resolution
66
Q

Vasoconstriction is initiated via:

A

1) Local smooth muscle myogenic spasm
2) Production of Endothelin-1

67
Q

In Primary Hemostasis

A

1) Platelet Adhesion
2) Platelet Activation
3) Platelet Aggregation

68
Q

Mediated by vWF of ruptured blood vessels and Gp1b of platelets

A

Platelet Adhesion

69
Q

Platelets change shape in

A

Platelet Activation

69
Q

Mediated by fibrinogen and Gp2b-3a of platelets

A

Platelet Aggregation

70
Q

Clotting Factors in Secondary Hemostasis/Blood Coagulation

A

Produced by the liver

71
Q

___________ without clotting factors is called serum.

A

Plasma

72
Q

Intrinsic pathway begins with __________________.

A

Factor XII

73
Q

Extrinsic pathway begins with _________________.

A

Factor VII

74
Q

Common pathway

A

Factor X

75
Q

Prothrombin is activated to

A

Thrombin

76
Q

In Resolution, healing is completed when

A

there is clot lysis by fibrinolysin or plasmin

77
Q

Fill in the blanks: When healing is complete, there is clot lysis by ______________ or ____________.

A

fibrinolysin, plasmin

78
Q

Has A antigens on the RBC with anti-B antibodies in the plasma

A

Blood Group A

79
Q

Has B antigens with anti-A antibodies in the plasma

A

Blood Group B

80
Q

Has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies are in the plasma

A

Blood Group O

81
Q

Has both A and B antigens but no antibodies

A

Blood Group AB

LBBBI15 (10 decks)

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