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LBBBI15 > BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What is the color of Blood?

A

Red gold

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2
Q

What is blood made of?

A

cellular and extracellular elements

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3
Q

How many liters of blood are in human bodies?

A

approximately 5L

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4
Q

What are the functions?

A
  1. Carries oxygen and nutrients to living cells and removes waste products
  2. Immunity
  3. Hemostasis
  4. Distribution of Heat
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5
Q

4 Characteristics of Blood

A
  1. Color
  2. Viscosity
  3. pH
  4. Volume
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6
Q

Oxygenated =

A

Bright Red

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7
Q

Deoxygenated =

A

Dark Red

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8
Q

Viscosity

A

5x more viscous than water due to the plasma proteins and formed elements

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9
Q

What is the normal pH range?

A

7.35–7.45

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10
Q

Volume in Adult males

A

5–6 L of blood

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11
Q

Volume in Adult females

A

4-5 L of blood

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12
Q

Where does blood come from?

A

Red marrow within the spaces of cancellous (spongy) bone tissue

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13
Q

Where does blood come from? In children?

A

Medullary cavity of long bones

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14
Q

Where does blood come from? In adults?

A

Cranial and pelvic bones, vertebrae, sternum, and the proximal epiphyses of the femur and the humerus

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15
Q

All of the formed elements of blood originate from this specific type of cell

A

Hematopoietic stem cell

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16
Q

Hematopoietic growth factors

A

induce the HSC to divide and differentiate

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17
Q

Function of Lymphoid stem cells

A

Give rise to lymphocytes

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18
Q

Function of Myeloid stem cells

A

Give rise to the formed elements

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19
Q

What is blood composed of?

A
  1. Plasma = 55%
  2. Erythrocytes = 45%
  3. Leukocytes = “Buffy coat”
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20
Q

What makes up Whole Blood?

A
  1. Cellular Elements = RBCs, WBCs, Platelets
  2. Plasma
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21
Q

The most abundant of the plasma proteins

A

Albumin

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22
Q

The most common formed element

A

Erythrocytes

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23
Q

The main function of Erythrocytes

A

To carry Hemoglobin

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24
Q

What is the shape of Erythrocytes?

A

Biconcave

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25
Why are Erythrocytes biconcave in shape?
- Due to lack of organelles - Allows the RBC to squeeze through capillaries - Greater area of gas exchange - To make space of Hemoglobin
26
The volume of RBC relative to whole blood
Hematocrit
27
Commonly known as a white blood cell (WBC)
Leukocytes
28
What role do leukocytes play in the composition of blood?
A major component of the body's defenses against disease
29
Difference between Leukocytes and Erythrocytes
Leukocytes have shorter lifespan than Erythrocytes
30
How do leukocytes perform their defensive functions in the body's tissues?
1. Margination 2. Rolling 3. Adhesion 4. Diapedesis 5. Chemotaxis
31
In Margination,
Leukocytes move towards the endothelial wall
32
Rolling or tumbling motion of leukocytes towards site of injury
Rolling
33
Attachment of leukocytes to the endothelium
Adhesion
34
The process used in leaving the capillaries
Diapedesis
35
The movement of the leukocytes to the site of injury
Chemotaxis
36
Classification of Leukocytes
1. Granular Leukocytes 2. Agranular Leukocytes
37
The classification of Leukocytes is divided into two groups according to
whether their cytoplasm contained highly visible granules
38
Contain abundant granules
Granular Leukocytes
39
Have far fewer and less obvious granules
Agranular Leukocytes
40
Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Granular Leukocytes
41
Include monocytes, which mature into macrophages
Agranular Leukocytes
42
Arise from myeloid stem cell
Granular Leukocytes
43
Arise from the lymphoid stem cell line
Agranular Leukocytes
44
Most abundant of all WBCs
Neutrophils
45
Typically 2-4% of the total leukocyte count
Eosinophils
46
Normally comprise 50-70% of total leukocyte count
Neutrophils
47
The nucleus typically has 2 lobes
Eosinophils
48
The nucleus has a distinct lobed appearance (3 to 5 lobes)
Neutrophils
49
The granules include antihistamine molecules and toxins for parasitic worms
Eosinophils
50
Plays a role in allergic reactions
Basophils
51
Contains granules of histamine and heparin
Basophils
52
Plays a role in viral infections
Lymphocytes
53
Three major groups in Lymphocytes:
Natural Killer cells, B cells and T cells
54
2-8% of the total leukocyte count
Monocytes
55
Has intended horseshoe-shaped nuclei
Monocytes
56
TRUE or FALSE: Macrophages are monocytes that have left the circulation.
TRUE
57
Involved in specific immunity
B&T Lymphocytes
58
Capable of recognizing that do not express "self" proteins
Natural Killer Cells
59
TRUE or FALSE: B cells (plasma cells) produce the antibodies or immunoglobulins
TRUE
60
TRUE or FALSE: "Nonself" cells include cancer cells, cells infected with the virus, and cells and atypical surface proteins
TRUE
61
Essential for the repair of blood vessels
Thrombocytes (Platelets)
62
A ____________ is a fragment of the cytoplasm of a megakaryocyte.
platelet
63
Mature into platelets
Megakaryocytes
64
Remain only about 10 days, then are phagocytized by macrophages
Platelets
65
What happens when a vessel is damaged?
1. Vasoconstriction 2. Primary Hemostasis/Formation of a Loose Platelet Plug 3. Secondary Hemostasis/Blood Coagulation 4. Resolution
66
Vasoconstriction is initiated via:
1) Local smooth muscle myogenic spasm 2) Production of Endothelin-1
67
In Primary Hemostasis
1) Platelet Adhesion 2) Platelet Activation 3) Platelet Aggregation
68
Mediated by vWF of ruptured blood vessels and Gp1b of platelets
Platelet Adhesion
69
Platelets change shape in
Platelet Activation
69
Mediated by fibrinogen and Gp2b-3a of platelets
Platelet Aggregation
70
Clotting Factors in Secondary Hemostasis/Blood Coagulation
Produced by the liver
71
___________ without clotting factors is called serum.
Plasma
72
Intrinsic pathway begins with __________________.
Factor XII
73
Extrinsic pathway begins with _________________.
Factor VII
74
Common pathway
Factor X
75
Prothrombin is activated to
Thrombin
76
In Resolution, healing is completed when
there is clot lysis by fibrinolysin or plasmin
77
Fill in the blanks: When healing is complete, there is clot lysis by ______________ or ____________.
fibrinolysin, plasmin
78
Has A antigens on the RBC with anti-B antibodies in the plasma
Blood Group A
79
Has B antigens with anti-A antibodies in the plasma
Blood Group B
80
Has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies are in the plasma
Blood Group O
81
Has both A and B antigens but no antibodies
Blood Group AB

LBBBI15 (10 decks)

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