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AUBF > Renal Physiology and Renal Function Tests (1) > Flashcards

Renal Physiology and Renal Function Tests (1) Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following parts of the nephron acts a sieve?
a) DCT
b) PCT
c) Glomerulus
d) Loop of Henle

A

c) Glomerulus

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2
Q

Each kidney contains approximately 1 to 1.5 million functional units called

  • Basic functional unit of the kidney
  • When the kidney filters the blood, the filtrate will go to the bowman’s capsule. The filtrate will stay here
A

nephrons

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3
Q

two types of nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons and Juxtamedullary nephrons

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4
Q
  • make up approximately 85% of nephrons, are situated primarily in the cortex of the kidney.
  • They are responsible primarily for removal of waste products and reabsorption of nutrients
A

Cortical nephrons

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5
Q

longer loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla of the kidney.

  • Their primary function is concentration of the urine.
A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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6
Q

What is inside the PCT, blood or filtrate?

A

Filtrate

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7
Q

What is the inside afferent arteriole, blood or filtrate?

A

Blood

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8
Q

Total renal blood flow

A

1200 mL/min

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9
Q

Before returning to the renal vein, blood from the efferent arteriole enters the _____and flows slowly through the cortex and medulla of the kidney
close to the tubules.

A

peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta

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10
Q
  • Innermost layer
  • Lined by: Endothelial cells
  • Contain numerous pores (fenestrae)
A

Capillary wall membrane

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11
Q
  • <70,000 MW (66,000)
  • negatively charged, the proteins are negatively charged as well when in contact with one another they will
    repel.
A

Glomerular basement membrane (basal lamina)

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12
Q
  • Slit membranes prevent filtration of proteins
A

Visceral epithelium (podocytes)

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13
Q
  • acts as a filtration barrier.
  • Another reason why proteins can’t go out is because of the outermost layer of the capillary membrane which is formed
    by the
  • CONTAINS SHIELD OF NEGATIVITY ,
A

PODOCYTES

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14
Q

what are the three GLOMERULAR FILTRATION (layers)

A
  1. Capillary wall membrane
  2. Glomerular basement membrane (basal lamina)
  3. Visceral epithelium (podocytes)
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15
Q

Pressure that forces the fluid outside a vessel.

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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16
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

Pressure that maintains the fluid inside the vessel

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17
Q
  • Increased hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillary
  • Increased GFR
A

Constriction of the efferent arteriole

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18
Q
  • Decreased hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillary
  • Decreased GFR
A

Constriction of the afferent arteriole

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19
Q

Normal GF

A

120/min

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20
Q
  • Must pass through three glomerular filtration barrier cellular layers
A

Plasma filtrate

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21
Q

by containing pores and
are referred to as______
- increase capillary permeability but do not allow the passage of large
molecules and blood cells.

A

fenestrated endothelium

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22
Q

What contains the barrier that repels molecules with a negative charge even through they are small enough to pass through the three layers of the barrier.

  • It is very important because it is the place where albumin ( primary
    protein associated with renal disease )
  • has a negative charge and
    is repelled
A

Shield of negativity

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23
Q

When blood pressure drops prevent a marked decrease in blood flowing through the kidney
- It prevents an increase in the blood level of toxic waste products.

A

Dilation or action of the afferent arterioles and constriction or pressure of the efferent arterioles

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24
Q

increase in blood pressure results in ______ to prevent overfiltration or damage to the glomerulus

A

constriction of the afferent arterioles

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25
Q
  • Triggering factor or stimulant: l
  • Decreases water retention within the circulatory system
  • resulting in a decreased overall blood volume and subsequent decrease in blood pressure
A

Low plasma sodium

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26
Q

low plasma pressure and low
plasma sodium. This will be sensed by the_____

  • an enzyme produced by the juxtaglomerular cells, is secreted and reacts with the bloodborne substrate angiotensinogen to produce the
    inert hormone angiotensin I.
A

Renin

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27
Q

This will be sensed by the _______
which will trigger the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin

A

Macula densa

28
Q

After the renin secretion, angiotensinogen will be released by the liver and be converted to______
- which is inactivated or non-functional.

A

angiotensin I

29
Q

If you already have angiotensin I you need an enzyme which is the_____
- released by the lungs.

A

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

30
Q

When we have Angiotensin

A

blood flow start to normalize

31
Q

will promote vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessel) which will normalize the flow of blood and blood
pressure

A

Angiotensin II

32
Q

Angiotensin II will directly act on the PCT to reabsorb sodium and will activate ______ will promote sodium reabsorption in the DCT (indirectly) and paired with sodium reabsorption is water reabsorption.

A

aldosterone

33
Q
  • Dilates (widen) the afferent arteriole
  • Constricts (hinihigpitan) the efferent Arteriole
  • Stimulates PCT reabsorption of sodium
  • Triggers the release of “aldosterone” (Na retaining hormone) from the adrenal cortex
  • Triggers ADH release by the hypothalamus
A

ACTIONS OF THE ANGIOTENSIN II

34
Q
  • Specific Gravity: 1.008-1.010
  • pH: 7.4
  • GFR= 120ml/min
A

GLUMERULAR FILTRATE

35
Q

: plasma concentration of a substance at
which active transport stops and increased amounts are
excreted in the urine

A

Renal threshold

36
Q

Glucose renal threshold

A

160 to 180 mg/dL

37
Q

Are the glomerular filtrate, filtrate and urine the same?

A

No. Filtrate still needs to undergo processes before
becoming urine

38
Q
  • Tubule after Bowman’s capsule
  • Has urine filtrate
A

PROXIMAL CONVULUTED TUBULE

39
Q

PROXIMAL CONVULUTED TUBULE Reabsorbs:

A
  • Water
  • K+
  • Amino acids 100%
  • Na+ 65%
  • Glucose
  • Vitamins
  • HCO3 80-90%
  • Urea 50%
  • Chloride
40
Q

Substance combines with carrier protein
* Electrochemical energy transfers the substance across the cell membrane

A

Active Transport

41
Q

Active Transport examples

A

Glucose - PCT
amino acids- PCT
chloride - Ascending LH
Sodium – PCT and DCT*

42
Q
  • Differences in their concentration gradient or electrical potential on opposite sides of the membrane
A

Passive Transport

43
Q

gradual change in the concentration
of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution.

A

Concentration gradient

44
Q

Passive Transport example

A

Water
Urea: PCT and Ascending LH
Sodium: Ascending LH**

45
Q

Important in regulating osmolarity of the medullary interstitial
fluid

A

Loop of henle

46
Q
  • Imbedded system in the loop of Henle
  • Two limbs of the loop of henle has different activity
A

Countercurrent multiplier system

47
Q
  • Water is passively reabsorbed
  • Permeable to water
A

Descending limb

48
Q
  • Na+ and Cl- are actively and passively reabsorbed
  • Impermeable to water (no reabsorption of water)
A

Ascending limb

49
Q

Where do the final concentration of the filtrate takes place?

A

Distal convoluted tubule and collecting
duct.

50
Q

antidiuretic hormone [ADH]).

A

vasopressin

51
Q

increases permeability; increased reabsorption of water; low-volume urine

A

High ADH

52
Q

determined by the state of body
hydration.

A

Production of ADH

53
Q
  • Passage of substances from the blood in the peritubularcapillaries to the tubular filtrate
  • Eliminates of waste products not filtered by the glomerulus
  • Regulates of the acid-base balance
A

TUBULAR SECRETION

54
Q

final process or step in urine formation

A

Secretion

55
Q

substances in the capillaries will be
transported to the renal tubules

A

Tubular secretion

56
Q

alkaline urine; the tubules cannot
produce the hydrogen ion.

A

Renal tubular acidosis

57
Q

Blood must buffer and eliminate excess acids
- Secretion of hydrogen ions causes reabsorption of bicarbonates

A

Acid –Base balance

58
Q

reflects the ability of the kidney to maintain normal hydrogen ion concentration in plasma and extracellular fluid

A

pH-

59
Q
  • H+ ions are buffered by phosphate or ammonia and excreted
    into the urine in the form of:
A
  • Ammonium ions
  • Dihydrogen phosphate
  • Weak organic acids
60
Q

Each time a H+ ion is secreted into the renal tubule, _____ are absorbed from the tubule

A

a sodium (Na+) and bicarbonate ion

61
Q

Nephron: PCT
* Secretes:

A

Creatinine (minute), Urea, H+, NH4

62
Q

Filtration

A

Glomerulus

63
Q

(DCT, PCT Loop of Henle) - Reabsorption and secretion

A

Tubules

64
Q

Major reabsorption occurs

A

PCT

65
Q

Exchanges of water and salts

A

Loop of Henle

AUBF (12 decks)

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