Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the glomerular filtration membrane consist of

A

Glomerular capillary endothelium
Basement membrane
Visceral layer of Bowmans capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which layer of the glomerular filtration membrane is the limiting factor for filtration

A

Basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which is the least filtrable through basement membrane

  1. 4 nm, -
  2. 4 nm , positive
  3. 7 nm, -
  4. 7 nm, positive
A

7 nm, negative

Similar to albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Net filtration formula in terms of hydrostatic and colloid pressure
And value

A

Pgc - pigc - Pbc+pibc
45-20-10+0
Equal to 15 mm Hg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Formula for GFR

A

GFR =Kf (net filtration pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Kf Formula

A

Ultrafiltration constant

Permeability x surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three ways in which increase sympathetic discharge causes decreased GFR

A

Mesangial cell contraction
Afferent arterial constriction
Increase renin from JG cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q 
From afferent to efferent arterioles Which of the following increases
PGC
PiGC
PBC
Net filtration pressure
A

PiGC

PBC is unchanged
Net filtration pressure is decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Renal bloodflow value

A

1100-1200 mL per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Renal plasma flow value

A

625-630 mL per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

GFR value

A

125 mL per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Filtration fraction formula and value

A

GFR/RPF
=125/625
=0.20 (0.16-0.20)
Or 16–20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does freely filtered really mean

A

20 % is filtered in single circulation

By repeated circulation substance will be completely eliminated by blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Increased GFR in

a) dilatationn of afferent
b) constriction of efferent

A

Both
But better answer is dilatation of afferent

Know why -.-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When does filtration fraction increase

a) afferent artery dilatation
b) efferent artery constriction

A

Efferent artery constriction better answer as FF=GFR/RPF
here GFR increases and RPF decreases

Therefore FF increases more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the dual effect on GFR by efferent artery constriction

A

Mild to mod constriction- increase GFR

Severe constriction-decrease GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Effect of angiotensin II on GFR

A 
Angiotensin II (low conc) - increase GFR
Eg.physiological,prolonged standing,renal artery stenosis 
Angiotensin II (high conc) - decreases GFR
Eg.haemorrhage,hypovolemia,dehydration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which substances freely filtered,not reabsorbed,not secreted by kidney

A

Inulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which substances freely filtered,completely reabsorbed by kidney

A

Glucose
Amino acid
HCO3- (if normal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which substances freely filtered,partly reabsorbed by kidney

A

Urea
Electrolytes
Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which substances freely filtered , completely secreted by kidney

A

PAH (low concentration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which substances freely filtered,partly secreted by kidney

A

PAH

Creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is clearance

A

Clearance of substance is volume of plasma of that substance or free of substance in unit time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Clearance formula

A

UxV/pl

U-urinary concentration of X
V-rate of urine flow
Pl-plasma concentration of X

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Clearance of what substance is used for estimation of GFR

A

Inulin (more accurate)

Creatinine (slightly increased)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A attacks E
E attacks A

Mnemonic means

A

Angiotensin II -efferent artery constriction

Epinephrine (sympathetic discharge)-afferent artery constriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is free water clearance

A

Rate of ruins flow - clearance of osmoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does it mean when free water clearance = 0

A

Solute free water in urine wrt solute free water in plasma is equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does it mean when free water clearance = positive

A

Urine is hypotonic wrt to plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does it mean when free water clearance = negative

A

If urine is hypertonic wrt plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Marathon runner who sweats a lot

What is the free water clearance

A

Max swearing
Max antidiuresis
Therefore urine concentrated

Therefore answer negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

In diabetes insipidus what is the free water clearance

A

ADH absent in DI
Therefore urine dilute

Therefore positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Tubular functions

A

Look at the diagram in your notes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Hormone present in glomerulus and what does it do

A

ANP
Mesangial cell relaxation
Increase in GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Hormones present in PCT and what do they do

A

Angiotensin II
Increase Na reabsorption

PTH - decreases phosphorus reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

TAL hormones present and their functions

A

Angiotensin II

Increases Na reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

DCT hormones present and their functions

A

PTH

Increase calcium reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What hormone releases when blood volume decreases

A

Aldosterone through RAAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Increases in blood volume releases which hormone

A

ANP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is free water clearance

A

Rate of ruins flow - clearance of osmoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What does it mean when free water clearance = 0

A

Solute free water in urine wrt solute free water in plasma is equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What does it mean when free water clearance = positive

A

Urine is hypotonic wrt to plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What does it mean when free water clearance = negative

A

If urine is hypertonic wrt plasma

44
Q

Marathon runner who sweats a lot

What is the free water clearance

A

Max swearing
Max antidiuresis
Therefore urine concentrated

Therefore answer negative

45
Q

In diabetes insipidus what is the free water clearance

A

ADH absent in DI
Therefore urine dilute

Therefore positive

46
Q

Tubular functions

A

Look at the diagram in your notes

47
Q

Hormone present in glomerulus and what does it do

A

ANP
Mesangial cell relaxation
Increase in GFR

48
Q

Hormones present in PCT and what do they do

A

Angiotensin II
Increase Na reabsorption

PTH - decreases phosphorus reabsorption

49
Q

TAL hormones present and their functions

A

Angiotensin II

Increases Na reabsorption

50
Q

DCT hormones present and their functions

A

PTH

Increase calcium reabsorption

51
Q

What hormone releases when blood volume decreases

A

Aldosterone through RAAS

52
Q

Increases in blood volume releases which hormone

A

ANP

53
Q

Filtered load formula

A

GFR x plasma conc

54
Q

Which parts are Na reabsorbed in nephrons

A

Na reabsorbed in All parts of nephrons except in DTS

55
Q

% of Na reabsorbed in each part of nephron

A 
PCT - 60%
DTS- nothing 
TAL- 30%
DCT-7%
Late DCT and CD -3% (regulated by aldosterone)
56
Q

Transports in PCT for Na

A

Na-K ATPase
Na co-transport
Na counter transport

Know the diagram xD
(Notes)

57
Q

What does PTH inhibit in PCT

A

Inhibits Na-Pi co-transport
Increase urinary loss of Pi
(Known as phosphaturic action of PTH

58
Q

TAL which transport helps in Na reabsorption

A

Na-K-2Cl co transport

Na-K ATPase

59
Q

LASIX (loop diuretic) acts on which part

A

Na-K-Cl co-transport channel inhibition in TAL

60
Q

What are the substances with Na co-transported in PCT

A

Glucose
Amino acid
Pi

61
Q

Co-transport for reabsorption of Na in DCT

A

Na-K ATPase

Na-Cl co-transport

62
Q

Thiazides act on which part of nephron

A

Na-Cl co-transport in DCT

63
Q

Cells present in late DCT and CD responsible for reabsorption and secretion

A 
P cells (principal)
I cell (intercalated)
64
Q

What do P cells do (late DCT and CD)

A

Na reabsorption
K secretion
H2O reabsorption

65
Q

What do I cells do (late PCT and CD)

A

H secretion

Remember ACID and I cells have ‘I’

66
Q

Channels present on p cells (late DCT and CD)

A

Na-K ATPase channel
ENaC ( epithelial Na channel)
(Aldosterone stimulates both)

67
Q

Where is K reabsorbed in nephron and how

A

PCT and TAL

PCT- passive (solvent drag-leaky tight junctions) and active (pump?)
TAL-Na-K-2Cl co-transport

68
Q

Where is K secreted in nephron

A

Late DCT and CD (passive)

Aldosterone

69
Q

Sites of mechanism of Ca reabsorption

A

Similar to Na

70
Q

Maximum Ca reabsorption where (nephron)

A

PCT

71
Q

What happened to Ca in DCT

A

Increased Ca reabsorption due to PTH

72
Q

% of Ca reabsorbed and secreted

A

99% filtered

1% excreted

73
Q

Maximum Mg reabsorption in nephron

A

TAL

74
Q

Renal handling of glucose site

A

PCT

75
Q

Channels on PCT for glucose reabsorption

A

Na-K-ATPase
Early PCT-SGLT-2 (co-transport) and GLUT-2
Late PCT-SGLT-1 and GLUT-1

76
Q

Renal threshold means

A

Plasma concentration beyond which glucose begins to appear in the urine (180-200 mg/dl)

77
Q

If PAH concentration is high what happens to the clearance and renal blood flow

A

Clearance is falsely low therefore RBF is also falsely low

78
Q

Amount of water reabsorbed in different parts of nephron

A

(GFR=180L/day)
PCT- 2/3rd (obligatory reabsorption of H2O)
DTS-15-20%
CD-13-15% (facultative reabsorption of H2O)

79
Q

What is transport maximum of glucose

A

Maximum rate of glucose reabsorption
Male 375 mg/min
Female 300 mg/min

80
Q

Where is aquaporin 1,2,3,4 present

A

Ap1
Ap2-luminal membrane
Ap3 and Ap4- basolateral membrane

81
Q

Maximum H secretion occurs in

A

PCT

82
Q

Acidification of urea occurs in

A

CD

83
Q

Channels involved in secretion of H in PCT

A

HCO3-Cl (basolateral membrane)
Na-H (luminal membrane)

Know diagram -.-
Of everything

84
Q

What is the pH of tubular fluid after end of PCT

A

7.3 (same,no acidification present in PCT)

85
Q

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor increases what

A

Na
HCO3-
H2O

86
Q

Where is the filtered HCO3 reabsorbed

A

PCT (80%)
TAL
DCT (both together 20%)

87
Q

Acidification of urine is due to which acid

A

Phosphoric acid

88
Q

What are the urinary buffers

A

HCO3 (most important urinary buffer)
Phosphate buffer
Ammonia buffer

89
Q

Most important urinary buffer in DCT and CD

A

Phosphate (in physiological conditions)

90
Q

Most important urinary buffer in acidosis

A

Ammonia> phosphate
Ammonia is an inducible buffer
(NH3 production increases)

91
Q

Factors affecting H+ secretion

A

Increase pCO2
Aldosterone
CA inhibitor

92
Q

Hyperaldosteronism can never cause

a) acidosis
b) alkalosis

A

Acidosis

93
Q

Regulation of Na excretion of GFR

A

Myotonic mechanism of autoregulation
Tubuloglomerulat feedback
Glomerulotubular balance

Know them in detail

94
Q

Parts of juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

JG cells
Macula densa
Lacis cells

Know where they are and their function

95
Q

What substance causes vasoconstriction of afferent arteriolar in tubuloglomerulat feedback

A

Adenosine

96
Q

What substance causes vasodilation of afferent arteriolar in tubuloglomerular feedback

A

Nitric oxide

97
Q

Counter current multiplier and its function

A

Loop of henle

Creates medullary interstitial hyperosmolality

98
Q

Counter current exchanger and its function

A

Vasa recta

Maintains the medullary interstitial hyperosmolality

99
Q

What is the maximum urinary osmolality

A

1200 most/L

100
Q

What are the requirements for concentration of urine

A

ADH- insertion of Ap-2 on luminal membrane of P cells
Hyperosmolal medullary interstitium

Know the mechanisms pls

101
Q

What is the range of urine osmolality

A

Usual-
300-1200 mosm/L

Possible
50-1200 mosm/L

102
Q

What are the solutes responsible for medullary interstitial hyperosmolality

A 
Na
K
Cl 
(From TAL)
Urea from medullary CD
103
Q

What is urea cycling

A

Pls check diagram in notes

104
Q

What is the advantage of urea cycling

A

Increase medullary interstitial osmolality

105
Q

Parts of nephron permeable to urea

A

PCT
DTS
Medullary CD

106
Q

Parts of nephron impermeable to urea

A

TAL
DCT
Cortical CD

107
Q

What is the role of vasa recta

A

Only supply of blood 🩸 therefore oxygen to medulla
2 limbs of VR are counter current with each other and with LOH
Both limbs of VR freely permeable to solute and water
VR receive <5% of RBF,therefore slow rate of blood flow in VR (helps in exchange)

Physiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions