Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the glomerular filtration membrane consist of

A

Glomerular capillary endothelium
Basement membrane
Visceral layer of Bowmans capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which layer of the glomerular filtration membrane is the limiting factor for filtration

A

Basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which is the least filtrable through basement membrane

  1. 4 nm, -
  2. 4 nm , positive
  3. 7 nm, -
  4. 7 nm, positive
A

7 nm, negative

Similar to albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Net filtration formula in terms of hydrostatic and colloid pressure
And value

A

Pgc - pigc - Pbc+pibc
45-20-10+0
Equal to 15 mm Hg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Formula for GFR

A

GFR =Kf (net filtration pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Kf Formula

A

Ultrafiltration constant

Permeability x surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three ways in which increase sympathetic discharge causes decreased GFR

A

Mesangial cell contraction
Afferent arterial constriction
Increase renin from JG cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q 
From afferent to efferent arterioles Which of the following increases
PGC
PiGC
PBC
Net filtration pressure
A

PiGC

PBC is unchanged
Net filtration pressure is decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Renal bloodflow value

A

1100-1200 mL per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Renal plasma flow value

A

625-630 mL per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

GFR value

A

125 mL per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Filtration fraction formula and value

A

GFR/RPF
=125/625
=0.20 (0.16-0.20)
Or 16ā€“20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does freely filtered really mean

A

20 % is filtered in single circulation

By repeated circulation substance will be completely eliminated by blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Increased GFR in

a) dilatationn of afferent
b) constriction of efferent

A

Both
But better answer is dilatation of afferent

Know why -.-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When does filtration fraction increase

a) afferent artery dilatation
b) efferent artery constriction

A

Efferent artery constriction better answer as FF=GFR/RPF
here GFR increases and RPF decreases

Therefore FF increases more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the dual effect on GFR by efferent artery constriction

A

Mild to mod constriction- increase GFR

Severe constriction-decrease GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Effect of angiotensin II on GFR

A 
Angiotensin II (low conc) - increase GFR
Eg.physiological,prolonged standing,renal artery stenosis 
Angiotensin II (high conc) - decreases GFR
Eg.haemorrhage,hypovolemia,dehydration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which substances freely filtered,not reabsorbed,not secreted by kidney

A

Inulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which substances freely filtered,completely reabsorbed by kidney

A

Glucose
Amino acid
HCO3- (if normal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which substances freely filtered,partly reabsorbed by kidney

A

Urea
Electrolytes
Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which substances freely filtered , completely secreted by kidney

A

PAH (low concentration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which substances freely filtered,partly secreted by kidney

A

PAH

Creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is clearance

A

Clearance of substance is volume of plasma of that substance or free of substance in unit time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Clearance formula

A

UxV/pl

U-urinary concentration of X
V-rate of urine flow
Pl-plasma concentration of X

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Clearance of what substance is used for estimation of GFR
Inulin (more accurate) | Creatinine (slightly increased)
26
A attacks E E attacks A Mnemonic means
Angiotensin II -efferent artery constriction | Epinephrine (sympathetic discharge)-afferent artery constriction
27
What is free water clearance
Rate of ruins flow - clearance of osmoles
28
What does it mean when free water clearance = 0
Solute free water in urine wrt solute free water in plasma is equal
29
What does it mean when free water clearance = positive
Urine is hypotonic wrt to plasma
30
What does it mean when free water clearance = negative
If urine is hypertonic wrt plasma
31
Marathon runner who sweats a lot | What is the free water clearance
Max swearing Max antidiuresis Therefore urine concentrated Therefore answer negative
32
In diabetes insipidus what is the free water clearance
ADH absent in DI Therefore urine dilute Therefore positive
33
Tubular functions
Look at the diagram in your notes
34
Hormone present in glomerulus and what does it do
ANP Mesangial cell relaxation Increase in GFR
35
Hormones present in PCT and what do they do
Angiotensin II Increase Na reabsorption PTH - decreases phosphorus reabsorption
36
TAL hormones present and their functions
Angiotensin II | Increases Na reabsorption
37
DCT hormones present and their functions
PTH | Increase calcium reabsorption
38
What hormone releases when blood volume decreases
Aldosterone through RAAS
39
Increases in blood volume releases which hormone
ANP
40
What is free water clearance
Rate of ruins flow - clearance of osmoles
41
What does it mean when free water clearance = 0
Solute free water in urine wrt solute free water in plasma is equal
42
What does it mean when free water clearance = positive
Urine is hypotonic wrt to plasma
43
What does it mean when free water clearance = negative
If urine is hypertonic wrt plasma
44
Marathon runner who sweats a lot | What is the free water clearance
Max swearing Max antidiuresis Therefore urine concentrated Therefore answer negative
45
In diabetes insipidus what is the free water clearance
ADH absent in DI Therefore urine dilute Therefore positive
46
Tubular functions
Look at the diagram in your notes
47
Hormone present in glomerulus and what does it do
ANP Mesangial cell relaxation Increase in GFR
48
Hormones present in PCT and what do they do
Angiotensin II Increase Na reabsorption PTH - decreases phosphorus reabsorption
49
TAL hormones present and their functions
Angiotensin II | Increases Na reabsorption
50
DCT hormones present and their functions
PTH | Increase calcium reabsorption
51
What hormone releases when blood volume decreases
Aldosterone through RAAS
52
Increases in blood volume releases which hormone
ANP
53
Filtered load formula
GFR x plasma conc
54
Which parts are Na reabsorbed in nephrons
Na reabsorbed in All parts of nephrons except in DTS
55
% of Na reabsorbed in each part of nephron
``` PCT - 60% DTS- nothing TAL- 30% DCT-7% Late DCT and CD -3% (regulated by aldosterone) ```
56
Transports in PCT for Na
Na-K ATPase Na co-transport Na counter transport Know the diagram xD (Notes)
57
What does PTH inhibit in PCT
Inhibits Na-Pi co-transport Increase urinary loss of Pi (Known as phosphaturic action of PTH
58
TAL which transport helps in Na reabsorption
Na-K-2Cl co transport | Na-K ATPase
59
LASIX (loop diuretic) acts on which part
Na-K-Cl co-transport channel inhibition in TAL
60
What are the substances with Na co-transported in PCT
Glucose Amino acid Pi
61
Co-transport for reabsorption of Na in DCT
Na-K ATPase | Na-Cl co-transport
62
Thiazides act on which part of nephron
Na-Cl co-transport in DCT
63
Cells present in late DCT and CD responsible for reabsorption and secretion
``` P cells (principal) I cell (intercalated) ```
64
What do P cells do (late DCT and CD)
Na reabsorption K secretion H2O reabsorption
65
What do I cells do (late PCT and CD)
H secretion Remember ACID and I cells have ā€˜Iā€™
66
Channels present on p cells (late DCT and CD)
Na-K ATPase channel ENaC ( epithelial Na channel) (Aldosterone stimulates both)
67
Where is K reabsorbed in nephron and how
PCT and TAL PCT- passive (solvent drag-leaky tight junctions) and active (pump?) TAL-Na-K-2Cl co-transport
68
Where is K secreted in nephron
Late DCT and CD (passive) | Aldosterone
69
Sites of mechanism of Ca reabsorption
Similar to Na
70
Maximum Ca reabsorption where (nephron)
PCT
71
What happened to Ca in DCT
Increased Ca reabsorption due to PTH
72
% of Ca reabsorbed and secreted
99% filtered | 1% excreted
73
Maximum Mg reabsorption in nephron
TAL
74
Renal handling of glucose site
PCT
75
Channels on PCT for glucose reabsorption
Na-K-ATPase Early PCT-SGLT-2 (co-transport) and GLUT-2 Late PCT-SGLT-1 and GLUT-1
76
Renal threshold means
Plasma concentration beyond which glucose begins to appear in the urine (180-200 mg/dl)
77
If PAH concentration is high what happens to the clearance and renal blood flow
Clearance is falsely low therefore RBF is also falsely low
78
Amount of water reabsorbed in different parts of nephron
(GFR=180L/day) PCT- 2/3rd (obligatory reabsorption of H2O) DTS-15-20% CD-13-15% (facultative reabsorption of H2O)
79
What is transport maximum of glucose
Maximum rate of glucose reabsorption Male 375 mg/min Female 300 mg/min
80
Where is aquaporin 1,2,3,4 present
Ap1 Ap2-luminal membrane Ap3 and Ap4- basolateral membrane
81
Maximum H secretion occurs in
PCT
82
Acidification of urea occurs in
CD
83
Channels involved in secretion of H in PCT
HCO3-Cl (basolateral membrane) Na-H (luminal membrane) Know diagram -.- Of everything
84
What is the pH of tubular fluid after end of PCT
7.3 (same,no acidification present in PCT)
85
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor increases what
Na HCO3- H2O
86
Where is the filtered HCO3 reabsorbed
PCT (80%) TAL DCT (both together 20%)
87
Acidification of urine is due to which acid
Phosphoric acid
88
What are the urinary buffers
HCO3 (most important urinary buffer) Phosphate buffer Ammonia buffer
89
Most important urinary buffer in DCT and CD
Phosphate (in physiological conditions)
90
Most important urinary buffer in acidosis
Ammonia> phosphate Ammonia is an inducible buffer (NH3 production increases)
91
Factors affecting H+ secretion
Increase pCO2 Aldosterone CA inhibitor
92
Hyperaldosteronism can never cause a) acidosis b) alkalosis
Acidosis
93
Regulation of Na excretion of GFR
Myotonic mechanism of autoregulation Tubuloglomerulat feedback Glomerulotubular balance Know them in detail
94
Parts of juxtaglomerular apparatus
JG cells Macula densa Lacis cells Know where they are and their function
95
What substance causes vasoconstriction of afferent arteriolar in tubuloglomerulat feedback
Adenosine
96
What substance causes vasodilation of afferent arteriolar in tubuloglomerular feedback
Nitric oxide
97
Counter current multiplier and its function
Loop of henle | Creates medullary interstitial hyperosmolality
98
Counter current exchanger and its function
Vasa recta | Maintains the medullary interstitial hyperosmolality
99
What is the maximum urinary osmolality
1200 most/L
100
What are the requirements for concentration of urine
ADH- insertion of Ap-2 on luminal membrane of P cells Hyperosmolal medullary interstitium Know the mechanisms pls
101
What is the range of urine osmolality
Usual- 300-1200 mosm/L Possible 50-1200 mosm/L
102
What are the solutes responsible for medullary interstitial hyperosmolality
``` Na K Cl (From TAL) Urea from medullary CD ```
103
What is urea cycling
Pls check diagram in notes
104
What is the advantage of urea cycling
Increase medullary interstitial osmolality
105
Parts of nephron permeable to urea
PCT DTS Medullary CD
106
Parts of nephron impermeable to urea
TAL DCT Cortical CD
107
What is the role of vasa recta
Only supply of blood šŸ©ø therefore oxygen to medulla 2 limbs of VR are counter current with each other and with LOH Both limbs of VR freely permeable to solute and water VR receive <5% of RBF,therefore slow rate of blood flow in VR (helps in exchange)

Physiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions