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CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What do These cause
Threshold stimulus
Subnthreshold stimulus
Supra threshold stimulus

A

Action potential
Local potential
Increased frequency of action potential

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2
Q

What is adequate stimulus

A

It is the stimulus to which receptor is most sensitive or to which receptor responds at low energy levels

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3
Q

What is a receptor

A

A biological transducer (converts one form of energy into another form of energy

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4
Q

What do receptors code for (4)

A
  1. site/location
  2. modality
  3. intensity
  4. duration
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5
Q

What is adaptation

A

Stimulus is present but response of receptor decreased over time

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6
Q

Rapidly adapting receptor features

A

Phasic
Encapsulated nerve
Can detect rate of change of stimulus

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7
Q

Slowly adapting receptor features

A

Tonic
Expanded of brain nerve endings
Can detect a steady stimulus

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8
Q

Types of phasic receptors

A

Pacinian corpuscles
Meissners corpuscles
Hair end organs

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9
Q

Tonic receptors

A 
Merkel’s disc
Ruffini’s endings 
C-mechanoreceptors 
Receptors for position sense-joint capsule,muscle spindle,golfi tendon organs 
Thermoreceptors
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10
Q

Cold thermoreceptor fibre

A

Adelta and C

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11
Q

Cold thermoreceptors detect range of temperature

A

40 degree Celsius to 10 degree Celsius

Below 10 degree no activation of thermoreceptors
Activation of nociceptors

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12
Q

Cold thermoreceptors detect range of temperature

A

Can detect temperature up to 45 degree Celsius

After 45 degree stimulation of nociceptors

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13
Q

Types of nociceptors

A

Mechanical
Chemical
Thermal
Polymodal

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14
Q

Ascending sensory tracts

A

Posterior column
Spinothalamic tract
Spinocerebellar tract

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15
Q

Posterior column sensation

A 
Conscious proprioception
Fine touch localisation
Two point discrimination
Vibration
Stereognosis
Ability to judge different degrees of pressure
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16
Q

Spinothalamic tract sensation

A

Lateral – pain, temperature

Anterior – crude touch, itching, tickle, sexual sensation, detection of pressure

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17
Q

Spinocerebellar tract sensation

A

Unconscious proprioception

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18
Q

Tracts from lower limb and upper limb in spinocerebellar

A

Lower limb-
Dorsal/posterior/ fleschig’s (m. Spindle,GTO) uncrossed
Ventral/anterior/gower’s tract(GTO) crossed

Upper limb
Cuneocerebellar
Rostral spinocerebellar
(Similar to above)

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19
Q

Posterior column diagram

A

See it

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20
Q

Sensory homunculus sensitive areas

A

More sensitive areas have larger cortical representation

Eg face lips hand fingers

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21
Q

Spinothalamic tract diagram

A

See it

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22
Q

Spinal tumours type and sensation loss

A

Medullary and extra-medullary

Descending sensory loss and ascending sensory loss resp

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23
Q

Fast pain fibres and their stimulus

A

Adelta

Mechanical/thermal

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24
Q

Neurotransmitter of fast pain

A

Glutamate

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25
Fast pain fibres synapse in
Either lamina 1 or 5
26
Slow pain fibres and their stimulus
C fibres | Chemical
27
Neurotransmitter of slow pain
Substance P
28
Slow pain fibres synapse in
Lamina 2 aka substantia gelatinosa of rolambo
29
Collateral given by C fibres
Reticular formation Periaqueductal Peri ventricular
30
Name the endogenous analgesia systems
Gate control theory of melzac and wall Defending pain inhibiting pathway (Also know the diagrams)
31
TENS full form and based on ?
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation | Based on gate control theory
32
Symptoms of neuropathic pain
Allodynia | Hyper Algeria and give eg
33
What is Bell Magendie law
dorsal/posterior horn of spinal cord supply sensory | Ventral anterior horn of spinal cord supplies motor
34
What is the law of projection
If nerve is stimulated anywhere in its course sensation appears to be arising from its site of receptor Eg.phantom limb
35
What is the mean theory behind phantom limb
Cortical plasticity Cortex (and even thalamus) have ability to form new synapses Other theory – law of projection
36
What are the laws for intensity discrimination of stimulus
Weber feschner law -sensation=KlogI | Stevens power laws KI^a
37
Specific sensory relay nuclei present for somatic sensation
Ventero postero-lateral nucleus/ventero-Basal complex
38
Specific sensory relay nuclei present for vision
Lateral Geniculate body
39
Specific sensory relay nuclei present for hearing
Medial geniculate body
40
Specific sensory relay nuclei present for taste
Ventero-postero-medial
41
Specific sensory relay nuclei present for olfaction
Dorsomedial/mediodorsal thalamic
42
Motor nucleus of thalamus
Ventro lateral | Ventro anterior
43
Papez circuit controls what
Memory Emotion Learning
44
Do you know them papez circuit
Please check your notes
45
Lateral descending tracts | Supplies?
Lateral corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract) Rubrospinal tract AAlpha especially flexors of upper limb
46
Medial descending tracts Supplies?
Anterior corticospinal Tecto spinal tract Vestibulo-spinal tract Aalpha esp extensors of lower limb Reticulo-spinal tract Agamma esp ext LL
47
Reticulo-spinal tract two types
Pontine/excitatory | Medullary/inhibitory
48
Corticospinal tract origins
Primary motor cortex(area 4) – 30% Promoter and supplementary motor cortex (area 6)– 30% Sensory cortex (3,1,2)– 40%
49
Fibres arising from internal capsule
Anterior to 2/3rd of posterior limb – corticospinal | Genu– cortico bulbar
50
What is known as the window of limbic system
Amygdala
51
Anterior corticospinal and lateral corticospinal | Which supplies both sides
Anterior corticospinal supplies both sides | Lateral corticospinal only supplies the opposite side
52
What happens if there is a thromboembolic/haemorrhagic lesions of middle cerebral artery (lenticular artery)
Dense hemiplegia of opposite side
53
Brown sequard syndrome
Hemisection of spinal cord
54
Features of brown sequard
``` Temp,pain opposite side lost All other sensations lost on same side Motor paralysis of same side BULL- Below level of lesion UMN at Level of lesion LMN ```
55
Parts of cerebellum
Vestibule-cerebellum Neo-cerebellum Spinocerebellum
56
4 pairs of nuclei of cerebellum
Fastigeal Globose Emboliformis Dentate
57
Largest nucleus of cerebellum
Dentate nucleus
58
5 cells of cerebellum
``` Stellate Basket Purkinje Granule Golgi ``` Granule is excitatory Rest inhibitory
59
Output from cerebellum and cerebellar cortex
Deep nuclei and purkinje cells resp
60
Input fibres of cerebellum
Climbing fibres | Mossy fibres
61
What are the climbing fibres formed by
Olivocerebellar tract
62
Vestibulo-cerebellum function
Balance | Eye movements
63
Neo-cerebellum function
Motor planning
64
Functions of spinocerebellar
Motor coordination
65
Diagram of cerebellar cortex
With cells nuclei et cetera
66
Inhibition types seen in cerebellum
Feed forward | Feedback inhibition
67
Basal ganglia functions
Motor planning | Coordination of automatic and associated movements
68
Parts of the basal ganglia
Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus – external segment and internal segment Substantia nigra – pars reticularis, pars compacts Sub thalamic nucleus of lewy’s
69
Receptors present in the parts of basal ganglia
GABA in all parts except Pars compacta – dopamine Subthalamic nucleus of Lewy’s- glutamate
70
Postural reflex types
Spinal Medullary Midbrain Cortical
71
Types of spinal reflexes
Stretch reflex Inverse stretch reflex Positive supporting reaction/magnet reaction Negative supporting reaction
72
What are the two things that cause stimulation of muscle spindle - Muscle contraction
Increase in muscle length | A gamma motor nerve discharge
73
What is efferent/motor to muscle spindle
a gamma
74
Efferent arm of stretch reflex
A alpha
75
Stimulus for stretch reflex and inverse stretch reflex
Stretch reflex – increase in muscle length Inverse stretch reflex – increase in muscles tension No the diagrams of both please please I beg you
76
Medullary reflexes
Tonic neck reflex | Labyrinthine/vestibular reflex
77
Mid brain reflexes
All righting reflexes
78
Cortical reflexes
Hopping | Placement
79
Jendrassik’s manoeuvre
Example – hooking of fingers, clenching of teeth It increases Agamma motor nerve discharge Increases muscle spindle sensitivity
80
Functions of hypothalamus
``` TEN HARTS Temperature regulation Endocrine Neuro endocrine Hunger Centre ANS Rage Centre, Reward centre Thirst Centre Satiety centre, sexual ```
81
If lateral hypothalamus of experimental animal is stimulated what happens
Animal is hungry thirsty violent and aggressive
82
What controls temperature regulation in the hypothalamus
Posterior hypothalamus – heat loss Centre | Anterior hypothalamus – heat loss Centre
83
What are the different mechanisms response to cold
Peripheral Vasu construction Non-shiveringthermogenesis Shivering
84
Heat loss mechanism
Peripheral vasodilation | Sweating
85
Supra optic and para ventricular nucleus secrete what predominantly
Supra optic – 5/6 ADH, 1/6oxytocin Para ventricular – 1/6 ADH, 5/6 Oxytocin Mnemonic – Om Prakash
86
know the endocrine and neuro endocrine functions of the hypothalamus
Just know it | Look at your notes please
87
Accidental transection of pituitary stock will increase which hormone
Prolactin
88
Volume of CSF
150 ML
89
Daily production of CSF
550 ML (0.38ML/minute)
90
CSF secreted and absorbed by
Secreted by choroid plexus | Absorbed by arachnoid villi
91
What is dependent on CSF pressure | CSF secretion or CSF absorption
CSF absorption
92
What happens to the absorption when CSF pressure is More than 112 mm water Less than 112 mm water Less than 68 mm water
Increase CSF absorption Decrease CSF absorption Absorption stops
93
What are circumventicular organs
No blood brain barrier | Fenestrated capillaries
94
Examples of circumvetricular organs
``` OVLT – organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis SFO– subfornicial organ Area postrema Median eminence Posterior pituitary ```
95
EEG invented by
Hans Berger
96
Know what each of the waves of EEG does
Check notes
97
Which is called paradoxical sleep
REM
98
Neurotransmitters during awake time
Increased norepinephrine Increase serotonin Decreased as acetylcholine Decreased GABA Increased histamine During NREM and REM – opposite of above
99
Types of long-term memory
Declarative/explicit | Non-declarative/implicit
100
Types of declarative memory
Semantic | Episodic
101
Types of non-declarative memory
Procedural Priming and Perceptual Associative learning Non-associated learning

Physiology (7 decks)

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