Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What do These cause
Threshold stimulus
Subnthreshold stimulus
Supra threshold stimulus

A

Action potential
Local potential
Increased frequency of action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is adequate stimulus

A

It is the stimulus to which receptor is most sensitive or to which receptor responds at low energy levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a receptor

A

A biological transducer (converts one form of energy into another form of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do receptors code for (4)

A
  1. site/location
  2. modality
  3. intensity
  4. duration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is adaptation

A

Stimulus is present but response of receptor decreased over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Rapidly adapting receptor features

A

Phasic
Encapsulated nerve
Can detect rate of change of stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Slowly adapting receptor features

A

Tonic
Expanded of brain nerve endings
Can detect a steady stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Types of phasic receptors

A

Pacinian corpuscles
Meissners corpuscles
Hair end organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tonic receptors

A 
Merkel’s disc
Ruffini’s endings 
C-mechanoreceptors 
Receptors for position sense-joint capsule,muscle spindle,golfi tendon organs 
Thermoreceptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cold thermoreceptor fibre

A

Adelta and C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cold thermoreceptors detect range of temperature

A

40 degree Celsius to 10 degree Celsius

Below 10 degree no activation of thermoreceptors
Activation of nociceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cold thermoreceptors detect range of temperature

A

Can detect temperature up to 45 degree Celsius

After 45 degree stimulation of nociceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Types of nociceptors

A

Mechanical
Chemical
Thermal
Polymodal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ascending sensory tracts

A

Posterior column
Spinothalamic tract
Spinocerebellar tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Posterior column sensation

A 
Conscious proprioception
Fine touch localisation
Two point discrimination
Vibration
Stereognosis
Ability to judge different degrees of pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Spinothalamic tract sensation

A

Lateral – pain, temperature

Anterior – crude touch, itching, tickle, sexual sensation, detection of pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Spinocerebellar tract sensation

A

Unconscious proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tracts from lower limb and upper limb in spinocerebellar

A

Lower limb-
Dorsal/posterior/ fleschig’s (m. Spindle,GTO) uncrossed
Ventral/anterior/gower’s tract(GTO) crossed

Upper limb
Cuneocerebellar
Rostral spinocerebellar
(Similar to above)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Posterior column diagram

A

See it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sensory homunculus sensitive areas

A

More sensitive areas have larger cortical representation

Eg face lips hand fingers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Spinothalamic tract diagram

A

See it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Spinal tumours type and sensation loss

A

Medullary and extra-medullary

Descending sensory loss and ascending sensory loss resp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fast pain fibres and their stimulus

A

Adelta

Mechanical/thermal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Neurotransmitter of fast pain

A

Glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Fast pain fibres synapse in

A

Either lamina 1 or 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Slow pain fibres and their stimulus

A

C fibres

Chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Neurotransmitter of slow pain

A

Substance P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Slow pain fibres synapse in

A

Lamina 2 aka substantia gelatinosa of rolambo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Collateral given by C fibres

A

Reticular formation
Periaqueductal
Peri ventricular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Name the endogenous analgesia systems

A

Gate control theory of melzac and wall
Defending pain inhibiting pathway
(Also know the diagrams)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

TENS full form and based on ?

A

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

Based on gate control theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Symptoms of neuropathic pain

A

Allodynia

Hyper Algeria and give eg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is Bell Magendie law

A

dorsal/posterior horn of spinal cord supply sensory

Ventral anterior horn of spinal cord supplies motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the law of projection

A

If nerve is stimulated anywhere in its course sensation appears to be arising from its site of receptor
Eg.phantom limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the mean theory behind phantom limb

A

Cortical plasticity
Cortex (and even thalamus) have ability to form new synapses

Other theory – law of projection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the laws for intensity discrimination of stimulus

A

Weber feschner law -sensation=KlogI

Stevens power laws KI^a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Specific sensory relay nuclei present for somatic sensation

A

Ventero postero-lateral nucleus/ventero-Basal complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Specific sensory relay nuclei present for vision

A

Lateral Geniculate body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Specific sensory relay nuclei present for hearing

A

Medial geniculate body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Specific sensory relay nuclei present for taste

A

Ventero-postero-medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Specific sensory relay nuclei present for olfaction

A

Dorsomedial/mediodorsal thalamic

42
Q

Motor nucleus of thalamus

A

Ventro lateral

Ventro anterior

43
Q

Papez circuit controls what

A

Memory
Emotion
Learning

44
Q

Do you know them papez circuit

A

Please check your notes

45
Q

Lateral descending tracts

Supplies?

A

Lateral corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract)
Rubrospinal tract

AAlpha especially flexors of upper limb

46
Q

Medial descending tracts

Supplies?

A

Anterior corticospinal
Tecto spinal tract
Vestibulo-spinal tract
Aalpha esp extensors of lower limb

Reticulo-spinal tract
Agamma esp ext LL

47
Q

Reticulo-spinal tract two types

A

Pontine/excitatory

Medullary/inhibitory

48
Q

Corticospinal tract origins

A

Primary motor cortex(area 4) – 30%
Promoter and supplementary motor cortex (area 6)– 30%
Sensory cortex (3,1,2)– 40%

49
Q

Fibres arising from internal capsule

A

Anterior to 2/3rd of posterior limb – corticospinal

Genu– cortico bulbar

50
Q

What is known as the window of limbic system

51
Q

Anterior corticospinal and lateral corticospinal

Which supplies both sides

A

Anterior corticospinal supplies both sides

Lateral corticospinal only supplies the opposite side

52
Q

What happens if there is a thromboembolic/haemorrhagic lesions of middle cerebral artery (lenticular artery)

A

Dense hemiplegia of opposite side

53
Q

Brown sequard syndrome

A

Hemisection of spinal cord

54
Q

Features of brown sequard

A 
Temp,pain opposite side lost
All other sensations lost on same side
Motor paralysis of same side
BULL- Below level of lesion UMN 
               at Level of lesion LMN
55
Q

Parts of cerebellum

A

Vestibule-cerebellum
Neo-cerebellum
Spinocerebellum

56
Q

4 pairs of nuclei of cerebellum

A

Fastigeal
Globose
Emboliformis
Dentate

57
Q

Largest nucleus of cerebellum

A

Dentate nucleus

58
Q

5 cells of cerebellum

A 
Stellate
Basket 
Purkinje
Granule
Golgi

Granule is excitatory
Rest inhibitory

59
Q

Output from cerebellum and cerebellar cortex

A

Deep nuclei and purkinje cells resp

60
Q

Input fibres of cerebellum

A

Climbing fibres

Mossy fibres

61
Q

What are the climbing fibres formed by

A

Olivocerebellar tract

62
Q

Vestibulo-cerebellum function

A

Balance

Eye movements

63
Q

Neo-cerebellum function

A

Motor planning

64
Q

Functions of spinocerebellar

A

Motor coordination

65
Q

Diagram of cerebellar cortex

A

With cells nuclei et cetera

66
Q

Inhibition types seen in cerebellum

A

Feed forward

Feedback inhibition

67
Q

Basal ganglia functions

A

Motor planning

Coordination of automatic and associated movements

68
Q

Parts of the basal ganglia

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus – external segment and internal segment
Substantia nigra – pars reticularis, pars compacts
Sub thalamic nucleus of lewy’s

69
Q

Receptors present in the parts of basal ganglia

A

GABA in all parts except
Pars compacta – dopamine
Subthalamic nucleus of Lewy’s- glutamate

70
Q

Postural reflex types

A

Spinal
Medullary
Midbrain
Cortical

71
Q

Types of spinal reflexes

A

Stretch reflex
Inverse stretch reflex
Positive supporting reaction/magnet reaction
Negative supporting reaction

72
Q

What are the two things that cause stimulation of muscle spindle - Muscle contraction

A

Increase in muscle length

A gamma motor nerve discharge

73
Q

What is efferent/motor to muscle spindle

74
Q

Efferent arm of stretch reflex

75
Q

Stimulus for stretch reflex and inverse stretch reflex

A

Stretch reflex – increase in muscle length
Inverse stretch reflex – increase in muscles tension

No the diagrams of both please please I beg you

76
Q

Medullary reflexes

A

Tonic neck reflex

Labyrinthine/vestibular reflex

77
Q

Mid brain reflexes

A

All righting reflexes

78
Q

Cortical reflexes

A

Hopping

Placement

79
Q

Jendrassik’s manoeuvre

A

Example – hooking of fingers, clenching of teeth
It increases Agamma motor nerve discharge
Increases muscle spindle sensitivity

80
Q

Functions of hypothalamus

A 
TEN HARTS
Temperature regulation
Endocrine
Neuro endocrine
Hunger Centre
ANS
Rage Centre, Reward centre
Thirst Centre
Satiety centre, sexual
81
Q

If lateral hypothalamus of experimental animal is stimulated what happens

A

Animal is hungry thirsty violent and aggressive

82
Q

What controls temperature regulation in the hypothalamus

A

Posterior hypothalamus – heat loss Centre

Anterior hypothalamus – heat loss Centre

83
Q

What are the different mechanisms response to cold

A

Peripheral Vasu construction
Non-shiveringthermogenesis
Shivering

84
Q

Heat loss mechanism

A

Peripheral vasodilation

Sweating

85
Q

Supra optic and para ventricular nucleus secrete what predominantly

A

Supra optic – 5/6 ADH, 1/6oxytocin
Para ventricular – 1/6 ADH, 5/6 Oxytocin

Mnemonic – Om Prakash

86
Q

know the endocrine and neuro endocrine functions of the hypothalamus

A

Just know it

Look at your notes please

87
Q

Accidental transection of pituitary stock will increase which hormone

88
Q

Volume of CSF

89
Q

Daily production of CSF

A

550 ML (0.38ML/minute)

90
Q

CSF secreted and absorbed by

A

Secreted by choroid plexus

Absorbed by arachnoid villi

91
Q

What is dependent on CSF pressure

CSF secretion or CSF absorption

A

CSF absorption

92
Q

What happens to the absorption when CSF pressure is
More than 112 mm water
Less than 112 mm water
Less than 68 mm water

A

Increase CSF absorption
Decrease CSF absorption
Absorption stops

93
Q

What are circumventicular organs

A

No blood brain barrier

Fenestrated capillaries

94
Q

Examples of circumvetricular organs

A 
OVLT – organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis
SFO– subfornicial organ
Area postrema
Median eminence
Posterior pituitary
95
Q

EEG invented by

A

Hans Berger

96
Q

Know what each of the waves of EEG does

A

Check notes

97
Q

Which is called paradoxical sleep

98
Q

Neurotransmitters during awake time

A

Increased norepinephrine
Increase serotonin
Decreased as acetylcholine

Decreased GABA
Increased histamine

During NREM and REM – opposite of above

99
Q

Types of long-term memory

A

Declarative/explicit

Non-declarative/implicit

100
Q

Types of declarative memory

A

Semantic

Episodic

101
Q

Types of non-declarative memory

A

Procedural
Priming and Perceptual
Associative learning
Non-associated learning

Physiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions