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Physiology > Muscle Physiology > Flashcards

Muscle Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of skeletal muscles

A

Striated

Voluntary

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2
Q

Types of proteins in muscle

A

Contractile protein
Regulating protein
Structural protein

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3
Q

What are the contractile protein

A

Actin

Myosin -II

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4
Q

What are the regulating proteins

A

Tropomyosin

Troponin

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5
Q

1 molecule of tropomyosin covers how many active sites on actin

A

7 active sites on actin

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6
Q

Series of events occurring for actin-myosin cross bridge formation

A 
Calcium influx 
Conformational change of troponin 
Causes troponin to slide 
Uncovers active sites on actin 
Actin-myosin cross bridge formation
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7
Q

What are the structural proteins

A

Actin in
Titin
Desmin

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8
Q

What is the role of actinin proteins

A

Binds actin to Z-line

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9
Q

What is the role of titin protein

A

Binds Z line to M line
Forms scaffolding (structural support)
Largest known protein

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10
Q

What does titin mutation cause

A

Tibilalis muscular dystrophy

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11
Q

What is the role of desmin

A

Binds Z line to plasma membrane

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12
Q

What is A and I band

A 
A band(dark band)- anisotropic to light 
Myosin + overlapped actin 
I band(light band)-isotopic to light 
Only actin
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13
Q

What is H and pseudo H zone

A

H zone - only myosin

Pseudo H zone- only myosin tail (held together like a bunch of golf sticks)

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14
Q

What does a sarcomere comprise of in terms of A and I bands

A

Sarcomere- 1/2I band + A band + 1/2I band

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15
Q

*Most abundant protein

A

Collagen

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16
Q

What happens to I band H zone A band during muscle contraction

A

I band - decreases
H zone- decreases/disappears
A band- unchanged

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17
Q

Name the sarcolemmal proteins

A

Dystroglycan-sarcoglycan complex

Sarcoglycan
Alpha-dystroglycan
Beta-dystroglycan
Dystrophin
Syntropin 
Sarcospan

Know the diagram (notes)

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18
Q

What does the absence of sarcoglycan cause

A

Limb girdle dystrophy

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19
Q

Absence of dystrophin causes

A

Duchene’s

Severe muscular weakness

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20
Q

Reduction in dystrophin causes

A

Becker’s

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21
Q

What is the function of sarcolemmal proteins

A

Amplification of force generated by actin and myosin

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22
Q

NMJ

A

Know diagram

And process

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23
Q

What are the ACh receptors composed of

A

Ligand gated Na and K channel

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24
Q

When dysfunction of ACh receptors in NMJ causes

A

Myasthenia gravis

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25
Q

When there is dysfunction of Ca gated channels in NMJ

A

Lambert eaton syndrome

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26
Q

Sarcotubular system

Types of tubules and receptors present on them

A

T-tubule
Invagination of sarcolemma
Dihydropyridine receptor (voltage sensor)

L-tubule
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Ryanodine receptor (ligand gated Ca channel)

Know the process

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27
Q

Natural ligand for Ryanodine receptor

A

Ca

Not ryanodine

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28
Q

What is the excitation contraction coupling agent

A

Ca

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29
Q

What is the trigger of muscle contraction

A

The availability of calcium

30
Q

How long does muscle contraction continue till

A

Till calcium is available

31
Q

How is sarcoplasmic Ca removed

A

SERCA

Primary active transport for Ca

32
Q

If SERCA is absent what happens to the duration of muscle contraction

A

It increases

33
Q

At rest what state is myosin in

Actin-myosin cross bridge formation and cross bridge cycling

A

At rest
Myosin head - high energy and high affinity state
(Cocked state)

34
Q

Steps of cross bridge formation

A

1.power stroke
2.attachment of ATP on myosin head
Conformational change
3.detachment of myosin head
4.hydrolysis of ATP to ADP,Pi,energy
Recocking of myosin head
5.back to myosin at rest (high energy high affinity)

35
Q

Why does rigor mortis happen

A

Ca channel becomes leaky
Release
Actin-myosin bridge formation
But no ATP there for detachment (cuz person is dead)

36
Q

Number of ATP used in 1 cross bridge cycle

A

ONE

37
Q

Cross-bridge cycling happens till

a) ATP is available
b) Ca is available

A

b)ca is available

38
Q

Types of muscle fibres

A

Type 1- slow

Type 2- fast

39
Q

Differences between type 1 and type 2

A 
Type 1
S-slow,small
O-oxidative 
R-red
R
Y
Long twitch duration 
More mitochondria 
More myoglobin 
Delayed fatiguability
Slow sustained contraction 
Type 2
Fast,large
Glycolytic
White
Early fatigueuability
Brief powerful contraction
40
Q

During graded muscle contraction which of the following is true

a) fast muscle fibres are recruited before slow
b) large “. “ small
c) stronger,weaker
d) well perfused,poorly perfused

A

d) well perfused,poorly perfused

41
Q

What is a motor unit

A

Single Aalpha motor neuron and all muscle fibres it supplies (only one type of muscle fibres)

42
Q

Around how many muscle fibres needed in each motor unit for extra ocular muscles

A

Very fine movement

Therefore 5-6 (<10) muscle fibres each fibre unit

43
Q

Muscle of back have how many muscle fibres per unit

A

Around 600 muscle fibres/muscle unit

44
Q

Muscle unit used for standing

A

S (slow) motor units of calf muscles

Type I

45
Q

Muscle unit used for walking

A

S + FR
(Slow and fast and resistant to fatigue)

(FR muscle fibre - type IIa-fast oxidative glycolytic(FOG))

46
Q

Muscle unit used in running

A

S+FR+FF(fast and fatiguable)

FF -muscle fibre -FG (fast and glycolytic) type IIb

47
Q

Types of muscle contraction

A

Isotonic
Isometric

Know the characteristics and eg (it’s easy)

48
Q

Mechanism of isometric contraction

A

Contractile component shortens and elastic component stretches (therefore same length)

49
Q

What are the elastic components

A

Titin

Elastic fibres in tendon

50
Q

Mechanism of isotonic muscle contraction

A

Shortening of contractile component
Folding of SEC
(Therefore decrease in total length)

51
Q

Types of heat generated in isotonic and isometric

A

Resting heat
Initial heat (activation heat,shortening heat)
Recovery heat
Relaxation heat

All given out in both contractions
Relaxation heat only given out in isotonic

52
Q

Frank starling’s law (length-tension relationship)

A

During isometric muscle contraction,more the initial length,more is the total and active tension generated but upto physiological limit beyond which further increase in initial length decreased tension is generated

I know it’s long but pls pls
Also know the graph

53
Q

How is the length-tension relationship applicable to ventricular muscle fibres

A

Increase venous return
Increase filling
Increase EDV
increase initial length of ventricular muscle fibres (increase SV and CO)
Increase tension generated (upto physiological limits)

54
Q

What happens in dilated cardiomyopathy (length tension relationship)

A

Initial length is beyond physiological limit
Decreased tension generated
Failure

55
Q

What is optimum length (length tension relationship)

A

Optimum length is that initial length at which if muscle contracts isometrically,total and active tension generated is maximum

56
Q

What does optimum length correspond to in terms sid actin myosin

A

Sarcomere length 2-2.2 micrometer
Max overlap between actin and myosin
Max number of actin myosin cross bridges
OL aka resting length

57
Q

Preloaded muscle contraction vs after loaded muscle contraction

A

contraction period,relaxation period,height of contraction and work done is more in preloaded contraction compared to afterloaded contraction

Only latent period is less in preloaded muscle contraction

58
Q

Tetanus definition

A

State of sustained contraction

59
Q

What is incomplete tetanus

A

Brief period of relaxation between 2 successive contraction

60
Q

What has refractory period

Electrical or contractile activity

A

Electrical activity

61
Q

What is tetanizing frequency

A

Minimum frequency of stimulation at which muscle is tetanized = 1/C.P(sec)

CP-contractile period

62
Q

Beneficial effect/treppe/staircase effect seen in

A

Incomplete tetanus
If frequency of stimulation is less than tetanizing frequency
(Due to accumulation of ca )

63
Q

Duration of exercise for ATP stores energy

A

1-3 seconds

64
Q

Duration of exercise from ATP from creating phosphate for exercise

A

7-8 sec

65
Q

What is phosphogen system and the duration of exercise from the energy

A

ATP stores
ATP from creating phosphate
8-10sec

66
Q

Duration of exercise from energy from ATP glycolytic metabolism

A

1-1.5 min

67
Q

Duration of exercise from energy from ATP from oxidative metabolism

A

More than 1.5 min

68
Q

Exercise done using phosphogen system (major source)

A 
100 m race
Diving
Long jump
High jump
Javelin throw
Discus throw
69
Q

Exercise that can be done with phosphogen and glycolytic metabolism
(Major source)

A

Duration >10sec <30sec
200m race
100m race

70
Q

Glycolytic metabolism major source of energy in what exercise

A

400m run

200 m swim

71
Q

ATP form oxidative metabolism major source of energy in what exercise

A

5km run
Marathon
Boxing
Rowing

72
Q

What is endurance training and strength training do

A

Endurance training- increase stamina (running,jogging,swimming)
Increase oxidative capacity

Strength training- increase strength/power
(Weight training)
Increase glycolytic capacity

Physiology (7 decks)

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