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Physiology > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

Urea: waste product from

A

Proteins

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1
Q

Ultrafiltrate of blood

A

Urine

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2
Q

Uric acid: waste product from

A

Nucleic acid (PURINES)

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3
Q

Creatinine: waste product from

A

Muscle

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4
Q

Bilirubin: waste product from

A

Red Blood Cells

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5
Q

Hormone Metabolites

A

VMA (Vanillylmandelic acid)

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6
Q

Hormone Secretion

A

Calcitriol

Renin

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7
Q

Always pathologic finding in Urine

A

Albumin

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8
Q

Kidney: Location

A

T12 - L3

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9
Q

Kidney: Weight

A

150g

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10
Q

Parts of Kidney

A

Capsule -> Cortex -> Medulla -> Renal Papilla -> Renal Calyces (major and minor) -> Renal Pelvis

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11
Q

Highly fenestrated, responsible for GFR.

Only capillaries in the human body that leads to arterioles and not venule.

A

Glomerular Capillaries

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12
Q

Supplies O2 and glucose to the tubular cells

A

Peritubular Capilaries

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13
Q

Hairpin loop peritobular capillaries of juxtamedullary nephrons that participate in countercurrent exchange

A

Vasa Recta

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14
Q

Urinary Bladder Capacity

A

600mL

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15
Q

Urge to urinate

A

150 (25% of the total urine volume)

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16
Q

Reflex contraction of urinary bladder

A

300 (50% of total urine volume)

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17
Q

Bladder muscle

A

Detrusor Muscle

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18
Q 
Cortical Nephrons
Percentage:
Location:
Loops of Henle:
Capillary Network:
A

Percentage: 75% of nephrons
Location: RENAL CORTEX
Loops of Henle: SHORT
Capillary Network: PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES

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19
Q 
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
Percentage:
Location:
Loops of Henle:
Capillary Network:
A

Percentage: 25% of nephrons
Location: CORTICOMEDULLARY JUNCTION
Loops of Henle: LONG
Capillary Network: VASA RECTA

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20
Q

Highly fenestrated; with pores of 8nm ( 80angstrom) in diamter.
Secretes: Nitric oxide and Endothelin 1

A

Capillary Endothelium

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21
Q

Cells of capillary membrane
Contains foot process and filtration slits
Visceral Epithelium

A

Podocytes

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22
Q

Found between capillaries

Involve in glomerular disease

A

Mesangial Cells

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23
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome

A

Edema
Proteinuria
Albuminemia - hypo
Lipidemia - hyper

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24
Q

Nephritic Syndrome

A

Oliguria
Hematuria
HTN
Azotemia = inc. BUN & inc. Crea

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25
Q

Glomerular cells of the AFFERENT ARTERIOLES

Secretes:

A

JuxtaGlomerular Cells

Secretes: Renin

26
Q

Found in the walls of DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

Monitor:

A

Macula Densa

Monitor: sodium conc. in the DT

27
Q

Acts on Proximal Convoluted Tubule

A

Carbonic anhidrase inhibitor: ACETAZOLAMIDE

28
Q

Causes Metabolic Alkalosis Drug:

A

Loop Diuretics

Thiazides Diuretics

29
Q

Adverse effects of Thiazide Diuretics:

A 
"hyperGLUC"
hyperGLCEMIA
hyperLIPIDEMIA
hyperURACEMIA
hyperCALCIMIA
30
Q

Potassium Sparring Diuretics:

A

Spinorolactone (Aldosterone antagonist)

Amiloride & Triamterine (Ep. Na channel blocker)

31
Q

Na-K-2Cl Pump located

Why its impt?

A

Found: Thick ascending loop of Henle
Why 1. Involved in countertransport multiplier
2. Co-transport inhibited by loop diuretics (furosemide)

32
Q

GFR; amt filtered in the glomerular capillaries per unit time

A

125mL / min or 180L / day

33
Q

Albumin attracts sodium thus invites more water, this phenomenon is know as

A

Gibbs-Donnan Effect

34
Q

What are the cause of dec. Kf?

A

Renal Disease
DM
HTN

35
Q

What is the cause of inc. BS hydrostatic pressure?

A

Urinary Tract Obstruction (Ureterolithiasis)

36
Q

What are the cause of dec. GC hydrostatic Pressure?

A 
Hypotension ( dec. arterial prssure)
ACE-1 (dec efferent arteriole constriction)
Sympathetic Activity (inc. afferent arteriole constriction)
37
Q

What are the hormones that will inc GFR?

A 
Bradykinin
EDRF
PGE2
PGI2
Glucocorticoids
ANP
BNP
38
Q

Which hormone will preserve GFR?

A

Angiotension II (preferentially constricts efferent arteriole)

39
Q

Constant sodium load delivered to DISTAL TUBULE

A

Tubuloglomerular Feedback

40
Q

Percentage of solute reabsorbed is held CONSTANT

A

Glomerulotubular Balance

41
Q

What do you call massive sympathetic stimulation that resultsin massive vasoconstriction of the kidney?

A

CNS Ischemic Response

42
Q

Some nephrons exhibit saturation

A

Renal Threshold

43
Q

ALL nephrons exhibit saturation

A

Renal Transport Maximum

44
Q

Which is more hypertonic relative to the other - the fluid entering the PCT or the fluid leaving the PCT?

A

ISOTONIC

45
Q

Principal Cells

A

Secrete K
Absorb Na
H2O

46
Q

Intercalated Cells

A

Secrete H

Absorb K

47
Q

Active form of Vitamin D

A

1, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

48
Q

Effects of aldosterone:
Inc Reabsorption:
Inc Secretion:

A

Inc Reabsorption: Na+ & H20

Inc Secretion: K+ & H+

49
Q

Effects of PTH:

A

Dec reabsorption of phsphate
Inc. reabsorption of calcium
Stimulates 1 alpha hydroxylase

50
Q

What are the triggers for ADH secretion

A

Inc Plasma Osmolarity
Dec BP
Dec Blood Volume

51
Q

What is the effect of alcohol on ADD secretion?

A

Alcohol dec ADH secretion

52
Q

Which hormone secreted by DT and CD acts similar to ANP?

A

Urodilatin

53
Q

Responsible for urine volume and urine concentration

A

Vasopression (ADH)

54
Q

Plasma K+

A

4.2 mEq/L

55
Q

CREATES the Corticocapillary Osmotic Gradient

A

Countercurrent Multipliers

56
Q

MAINTAINS the Corticopapillary Osmotic Gradient

A

Countercurrent Exchangers

57
Q

Affects the anterior horn of the spinal cord

Aka Lougary Syndrome Paralysis

A

Amylotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

58
Q

Thirst Center

A

AnteroVentral wall of the 3rd Ventricle

Preoptic Nuclei

59
Q

Micturation center

A

PONS

60
Q

pH compatible to life

A

6.8 - 8.0

61
Q

High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis

A 
Methanol
Uremia
DKA
Propylene glycol & Paraldehyde
Iron, Idiopathic, Isoniazide
Lactic acidosis
Ethylene glycol and ethanol
Salicylic acid
62
Q

Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis

A 
Hematuria
Azotemia (Uremia + SSx)
RTA
Diarrhea
Ureteroenteric fistula
Pancreaticoduodenal fistula

Physiology (6 decks)

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