Renal Physio

Question 1

Function of renal system

Answer 1

1. Excretory function 2. Regulatory function 3. Endocrine functions 4. Metabolic function.

Question 2

Determining kidney function

Answer 2

Createnine and usea but createnine is more accurate

Question 3

Number of nephron in each kidney

Answer 3

1.1 million in each kidney and 2- 2.5 in both kidneys

Question 4

Hormones of kidneys

Answer 4

1. Erthypoitin 2. Refine 3. Prostaglandins.

Question 5

Renin in the kidney is produced by which cells?

Answer 5

Justaglomerular apparatus

Question 6

Cells that produced erythropoietin in kidney ?

Answer 6

Endothelial cells of peritubular capillaries of kidneys
Concentration of oxygen controls its secretion

Question 7

Types of cans in justaglomesular apparatus

Answer 7

Polkinsin cells ( modified epithelial cells of afferent arteries )
Macula dens a ( modified nephron cells )

Question 8

Metabolic function of kidney

Answer 8

1. Converts inactive vitamin D into active form → pct cells → stimulated by parathyroid hormones

Question 9

Vasculatura of
Kidney

Answer 9

Abdominal aorta → renal artery’s → anterior , and posterior venal artery → lobar artery → arcuate artery →
Lobular artery → afferent arterioles → glomerulus → efferent arterioles → peritubular capillaries → veins
Veins are same as arteries and goes to inferior vena cava

Question 10

Tissue in between the glomerular capillaries?

Answer 10

Mesengium or mesengial cells

Question 11

Efferent arterioles of cortical nephron and justamedullary nephron →branches

Answer 11

Efferent arterioles of justamedullary nephron → vasa recta

Efferent arteries of cortical nephron → peritubulan capillaries

Question 12

% Of cortical and justamedullasy nephrons

Answer 12

90% cortical and 10- 15% justamedullary
Cortical → glomerulus in cortex
Justamedullary→ glomerulus near corticomedunary junction

Question 13

Amount of blood flow through kidneys each minute?

Answer 13

20 - 25 % of cardiac output
That is 1L ( card output is 5L / minute )

Question 14

How much plasma is filtered each minute in all the glomerulus?

Answer 14

120 ml of plasma is filtered each minute in on the glomeruli of kidneys together

Question 15

Total glomerular filterate per minute of both kidneys?

Answer 15

120 ml and 60 mi per kidney

Question 16

% Of absorption through tubules of nephron?

Answer 16

65% through pct
15% through descending tube of loop of Henle
15% through dct
2 - 3% through collecting duct ( by aldosterone and ADH )

Question 17

Amount of wine produced by both kidneys together per min?

Answer 17

1 ml /min

Question 18

Amount of urine per day?

Answer 18

1440 ml or about half later per day

Question 19

Normal range of urine output per day?

Answer 19

500 - 3500 ml / day

Question 20

Diseases of more or less mine production ?

Answer 20

Less than 500 ml → oligouria
More than 3500 ml → polyuria

Question 21

How much metabolic waste can kidney dissolve in 1 L of mine?

Answer 21

1200 mmol of metabolic waste can be dissolved into 1l of urine
Normal person produces 600 m mol of metabolic waste per day so half later of urine is required to dissolve it but it a person is producing 250 ml of wine or less than 500 ml the metabolic waste will start accumulating in our bodies.

Question 22

What is azotemia?

Answer 22

When blood chemistry is altered due to accumulation of urea and creatinine as a result of impaired function of kidney but there are no signs and symptoms of kidney failure

Question 23

What is azotemia + signs and symptoms of kidney failure called?

Answer 23

Uremia

Question 24

Structure present in glomerulus?

Answer 24

1. Glomerular capillary tuft
2. Bowman’s capsule ( double layered → visceral and parietal epithelial cells)
3. Mesengium

Question 25

What are the capillaries of glomerulus called?

Answer 25

Fenestrated capillaries → the endothelial cells have fenestration’s ( holes) in them

Question 26

Size of finestrations in endothelial cells of glomesulur capillaries?

Answer 26

70 - 100 nm

Question 27

What are the cells above and below or around glomerulus basement membrane?

Answer 27

Endothelial cells of glomerulus capillaries on one side and visceral epithelial cells of bowman’s capsule on the other side.

Question 28

GBM have which collagen?

Answer 28

Collagen type 4

Question 29

Charge of glomerulur membrane?

Answer 29

Electro negative due to negative glycoproteins

Question 30

What is filtration slit in glomerulus and its size?

Answer 30

The slit or space between two visceral epithelial alls of bowman’s capsule through which substances enter the bowman’s capsule is called filtration slit and its about 20- 30 nm
There is a thin diaphragm on the filtration slit made up of protein nephrin

Question 31

The glomerular membrane is a charge and size barrier so what sizes or charges could go easily than others?

Answer 31

Small sized goes more easily than larger sized molecules.
Cations passes more easily than anionic molecules

Question 32

Due to the size of albumin it can easily pass through glomerular membrane than why it doesn’t pass?

Answer 32

The charge on albumin is negative so it is repelled by glomerular membrane

Question 33

Functions of mesengial cells?

Answer 33

1. Contraction
2. Phagocytosis
3. Proliferation
4. Produce mesengium
   All these functions can effect the GFR