Endo Physio Chap 6

Question 1

Normal calcium value in blood.?

Answer 1

9.4 mg / dl or 2.4 m mol /L

Question 2

Distribution of calcium through out the body?

Answer 2

0.1 %→ extracellular fluid
1% → cells and its organelles
Rest stored in bone.

Question 3

Normal value of phosphate in blood?

Answer 3

4 mg/ dl
Ranges → 3-4 in adults and 4-5 in children

Question 4

Distribution of phosphate through out the body?

Answer 4

85% in bones
14 - 15 % in cells
1% in extracellular fluid

Question 5

Distribution of phosphate through out the body?

Answer 5

85% in bones
14 - 15 % in cells
1% in extracellular fluid

Question 6

Three forms of calcium present in plasma and interstitial fluid?

Answer 6

1. Combined with plasma proteins →41% or 1 mmo1 /L → non diffusible through capillary membrane.
2. Combined with anionic substances → 9% or 0.2 mmol/ L→ diffusible through capillary membrane.
3. Ionized calcium → 50% or 1.2 mmo1/l → diffusible → functional calcium

Question 7

• In which forms is phosphate present in extracelcular fluid?

Answer 7

HPO4= → 1.05 mmo/l and H2PO4- → 0.26 mmol/l

Question 8

What happens to phosphate when the ph of blood increases or decreases?

Answer 8

Ph decreases → acidic → concentrations of H2PO4- increases and conc. of HPO4= decrease and vice verse happens when ph increases → basic.

Question 9

What are the non bone effects of hypocalcemia?

Answer 9

1. Nervous system excitement
2. Tetany.

Question 10

How does hypocalcemia causes nervous system excitement and tetany?

Answer 10

It increases membrane permeability to sodium which causes easy depolarization of neurons.
The periphery Nerves becomes so excited that they discharge spontaneously causing tetany

Question 11

Where does the tetany first occurs in body due to hypocalcemia and what is it called?

Answer 11

It usually first develops in hands called carpopadel spasm

Question 12

Effects of extreme hypocalcemia that are seldom evident?

Answer 12

1. Marked dilation of Heart
2. Changes in cellular enzymatic activity
3. Impaired blood clotting
4. Increased permeability.

Question 13

Non -bone effects of hypercalcemia?

Answer 13

1. Nervous system depressed.
2. Depressed muscle activity.
3. Increased QT interval of Heart
4. Loss of appetite
5. Constipation

Question 14

What happens when the calcium levels rises above 17 mg/dl?

Answer 14

Calcium phosphate crystals are formed through out the body.