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FOE > Endo Physio Chap 2 > Flashcards

Endo Physio Chap 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six important hormones of anterior pituitary?

A
  1. Gh
  2. ACTH
  3. Prolectin
  4. TSH
    5.LH
    6.FSH
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2
Q

What are the two hormones of posterior pituitary?

A
  1. ADH
    2.Oxytocin
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3
Q

What are the different types of cell of anterior pituitary?

A
  1. Somatotrophs → gh
  2. Gonadotrophs→FSH and LH
    3.lactotrophs or mamotrophs → prolectin
  3. Corticotrophs → ACTH and alpha-MSH ( pre opio-melanocortin )
  4. Thyrotrophs → TSH
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4
Q

What are the most abundant cells of anterior pituitary?

A

Somatotrophs = 30 - 40 %
Corticotrophs = 20%
Others are 2-3%

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5
Q

What are acidophilic tumors?

A

The tumors of pituitary glands in which large quantities of growth hormone is secreted → because somatotrophs are acidophilic

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6
Q

( What are the large neurons called that secreted posterior
Pituitary hormones and where are they located?

A

Magnocellular neurons located in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus

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7
Q

Through what systems does hypothalamus controls the secretion of anterior and posterior pituitary?

A

Posterior pituitary → nerve signals from hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary → simulator or inhibitory hormones through hypothalamic - hypophysial portal vessels

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8
Q

Where are the hormones of hypothalamus that controls anterior pituitary secreted from the nerve endings?

A

In the median eminence and tuber cinereum, extension of hypothalamic tissue into pituitary stalk,→ from there they are absorbed into hypothalamic - hypophyseal portal blood vessels

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9
Q

What are the important stimolatory and inhibitory hormones of hypothalamus:?

A
  1. Growth hormone releasing factor
  2. Gonado tropin releasing factor
  3. Prolectin inhibitory hormone
  4. Growth hormone inhibitory hormone → somatostatin
  5. Thyrotropin releasing hormone
  6. Corticotrophins releasing hormone
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10
Q

What is growth hormone also known as and how many aminoacids does it have?

A

It is also known as sometotropic hormone or somato tropin
It have 191 amino acids.

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11
Q

What are the three main functions of growth hormone beside growth?

A
  1. Enhances protein synthesis
  2. Reduces fat stores → increased mobilization and utilization of fatty acids from adipose tissues
    3.conserves glucose → decreased utilization of carbohydrates
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12
Q

What are the three main functions of growth hormone beside growth?

A
  1. Enhances protein synthesis
  2. Reduces fat stores → increased mobilization and utilization of fatty acids from adipose tissues
    3.conserves glucose → decreased utilization of carbohydrates
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13
Q

What are the different nuclei that secrete different hypothalamus hormones that control anterior pituitary secretion?

A

1.paraventricular = TRH and CRH
2. Preoptic = GnRH
3. Arcuate = GHRH and PIH

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14
Q

What are the four main factors / functions through which growth hormone increases protein deposition in tissue?

A
  1. Increases the uptake of amino acids by cell → increases the cell permeability for amino acids.
  2. Increases RNA translation by ribosomes to produce more proteins
  3. Increases transcription of DNA to form RNA for protein synthesis → most important step in long run.
  4. Decreases protein degradation → growth hormone causes lipid breakdown → so energy comes form fats for growth and thus proteins are spared.
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15
Q

What are the factors through which growth hormone increases fat utilization and mobilization?

A
  1. Releases fatty acids from adipose tissues → thus increases fatty acids concentration in body fluids.
  2. Causes conversion of fatty acid to acetyl coA which is used for energy production.
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16
Q

What is the ketogenic effect of excessive growth hormone?

A

It causes ketosis → because more acetoacetic acid is produced by liver due to enhanced mobilization of fats
It may cause fatty liver

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17
Q

What are the factors through which growth hormone causes decrease in carbohydrate utilization?

A
  1. Decreased uptake of glucose by skeletal muscles and fats
  2. Increased glucose production in liver → gluconeogenesis
  3. Increased insulin secretion.
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18
Q

Why is growth hormone called diabetogenic ?

A

Because it causes growth hormone induced insulin resistance by decreasing the activity of insulin ( uptake and utilization of glucose and inhibits gluconeogenesis)→ which leads to increase glucose in blood
And thus growth hormone excess can cause diabetes type 2 (insulin - independent)

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19
Q

How does increase fatty acids in blood decreases insulin ability?

A

Because it decreases sensitivity of liver and skeletal muscles to insulin effects on carbohydrate metabolism

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20
Q

What are the two substances necessary for growth promoting action of growth hormone?

A
  1. Carbohydrates → for energy requirement
  2. Insulin → for energy and increase uptake of some amino aids into cell.
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21
Q

What are the three main effects of growth hormone on bones?

A
  1. Increased deposition of proteins by condrocytic and osteogenie cells
  2. Increased reproduction of these cells
  3. Converting condrocytes into osteogenic cells
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22
Q

What are the two principle mechanism of bone growth by growth hormone?

A

, 1. Long bone grows in length at epiphyseal cartilages → it 1st causes deposition of new cartilage and then converting it to bone
2. Growth hormone stimulates osteoblasts. → which deposits new bone over old bone → bones becomes thicker.

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23
Q

What are somatomedins and what is its function.?

A

Somatomedins are proteins secreted by liver ( some other tissues) in response to growth hormone.
It has a potent effect on growth of bones.

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24
Q

What is the most important somatomedin and what is it called?

A

Somatomedin C is the most important one
It is also called igf-1 because it has insulin like effect on growth.

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25
Q

What is the importance of somatomedin C?

A

It acts like growth hormone but it has a prolonged action because it strongly attaches to carrier proteins in blood (growth hormone attaches weakly and have short action duration)
Its half life is 20 hours (growth hormone → half life = 20 minutes)

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26
Q

What are the factors that regulate the secretion of growth hormone? (9 factors)

A
  1. Starvation (protein deficiency)
  2. Blood glucose or free fatty acid concentration
  3. Exercise
  4. Trauma
  5. Excitement
  6. Gherlin ( hormone secreted by stomach before meal)
  7. Ghrh
    8.in deep sleep (early stages)
  8. Somatomedin C
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27
Q

Normal concentration of growth hormone ‘ in children and adults.?

A

Children = 6ng/ml
Adults = 1.6 to 3 ng / ml

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28
Q

What are the acute and chronic stimulators of growth hormone?

A

Acute → hypoglycemia
Chronic → protein depletion

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29
Q

In severe conditions of protein malnutrition are adequate calories alone sufficient to correct excess production of growth hormone?

A

No → because the protein deficiency must be corrected for growth hormone to return to normal

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30
Q

What are the two hormones of hypothalamus that regulates growth hormone?

A
  1. Growth hormone releasing hormone → stimulates growth hormone secretion.
  2. Somatostatin → inhibits growth hormone secretion
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31
Q

How does the same signals that stimulate a person’s behavioral feeding instincts also alter rate of growth hormone secretion?

A

Because growth hormone is secreted by ventromedial nucleus (arcuate) of hypothalamus which is also the area that is sensitive to blood glucose concentration

32
Q

What are the three hormones / neurotransmitters that increases secretion of growth hormone?,

A

Catecholamines, dopamine and serotonin

33
Q

What is the pathway through which ghrh causes secretion of growth hormone?

A

Adenylyl cyclase - camp system.

34
Q

What is the long term and short term effect of ghrh on sometotrophs?

A
  1. Short term → causes influx of calcium ions → which in turn causes secretory granules to fuse with cell membrane → and secrets growth hormone.
  2. Long term → causes transcription of DNA and specific gene to produce more growth hormone
35
Q

What is the effect of exogenous growth hormone on endogenous?

A

When exogenous growth hormone is given it decreases endogenous secretion through negative feedback.

36
Q

What is the major long term controller of growth hormone?

A

Long term state of Nutrition of tissue → especially level of proteins

37
Q

What is panhypopituitrism?

A

Decreased secretion of all the hormones of anterior pituitary

38
Q

What are the three main causes of panhypopituitarism in adults?

A
  1. Craniopharyngiomas → compresses anterior pituitary and destroy its cells
  2. Chromophe tumors → same as above.
  3. Thrombosis of pituitary blood vessels → new mother experiences circulatory shock after birth of new child
39
Q

What are the effects of panhypopituitarism ?

A
  1. Hypothyroidism
  2. Depressed production of glucocorticoids.
    3.Suppressed secretion of sex hormones
40
Q

Symptoms of pannypopituitarism?

A
  1. Lethargy (hypothyroidism)
  2. Weight gain (low thyroid hormones and fat mobilization due to low growth hormone )
  3. Lost sexual function.
41
Q

Treatment of panhypopituitarism?

A

Except abnormal sexual function → treated by administration. Of adrenocortical and thyroid hormones.

42
Q

What is the cause of dwarfism?

A
  1. Generalized deficiency of anterior pituitary secretion
  2. Only growth hormone deficiency
  3. Somotomodian C deficiency (hereditary)
43
Q

Which substance deficiency occurs in African Pygmy and Levi - Lorain dwarfs?

A

Somatomedin C

44
Q

What are the effects of dwarfism?

A

All parts of body develop in proportion but rate of development is greatly decreased
A person with panhypopituitarism dwarfism never pass through puberty and secrete enough sex hormones

45
Q

How is dwarfism treated?

A

Administration of human growth hormones

46
Q

Cause of gigantism?,

A

Acidophilic tumors of pituitary gland

47
Q

Effects of gigantism?

A
  1. Increased height
  2. Hyperglycemia
  3. Beta cells of pancreas destroys due to being overactive in order to cope with hyperglycemis
  4. Full blown diabetes Miletus (10%)
48
Q

What happens if the tumor remains _ untreated in gigantism!

A
  • Panhypopituitarism occurs due to tutor growth. And eventually the whole gland is destroyed while can cause death.
49
Q

Treatment of gigantism?

A

Microsurgical removal of tumor or by radiation

50
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Increase in growth hormone in adults when the epiphysis of bones have fused

51
Q

What are the symptoms or effects of acromegaly?

A

T enlarged hands and feet
2. Jaw and forehead enlarged
3. Supra orbital ridges grows excessively
4. Vertebra → hunched back → kyphosis
5. Enlarged tongue, liver and kidneys.

52
Q

What are the physical effects of low growth hormone in old age?

A
  1. Wrinkling of skin
  2. Loss of muscle mass and strength
  3. Loss of function of some organs.
53
Q

What are the pros of growth recombinant therapy in aged people?

A
  1. Deposition of more protein in muscles
  2. Less fat depositions
  3. More energized
54
Q

What are the cons of growth hormone therapy in aged people?

A
  1. Insulin resistance
  2. Edema
  3. Carpel tunnel syndrome
  4. Diabetes
  5. Joint pain.
55
Q

How does the normal value of growth hormone in old age decrease aging?

A

It causes deposition of protein in places of fats.

56
Q

How does the normal value of growth hormone in old age decrease aging?

A

It causes deposition of protein in places of fats.

57
Q

What are pituicytes ?

A

Supporting cells in posterior pituitary (glial cells)

58
Q

Hormones of posterior pituitary are?

A

ADH and oxytocin

59
Q

If the pituitary stalk is cut ; what happens to posterior pituitary hormones?

A

There will be a transient decrease for few days but then it will be secreted normally by the cut portion within the hypothalamus

60
Q

What is the name of carrier protein that carries posterior pituitary hormones down from hypothalami’s to posterior pituitary within nerve fibers?

A

’ Neurophysin

61
Q

Through what mechanism is the posterior pituitary hormones secreted into blood vessels?

A

When nerve impulses comes from supra optic and paraventricular Nucleus→ the hormones are released through exocytosis.

62
Q

What happens to the neurophysins after secretion of hormones?

A

, It is secreted along with hormones → but due to loosely bound with hormones → only the hormones is absorbed to blood and neurophysins remains behind.

63
Q

What is the difference in structure of ADH and oxytocin?

A

They both have some nine amino acids except in vasopressin the phenylalanine and arginine replaces the isoleucine and leucine of oxytocin

64
Q

What is the function of ADH ?

A

Causes reabsorption of water by DCT and collecting ducts.

When present → permeability for water increases in ducts and concentrated urine is excreted.

When absent → ducts almost becomes impermeable to water and dilute urine is excreted.

65
Q

What is the mechanism through which vasopressin works?

A

When attached to receptors→ activates ardenylyl cycles - camp system → causes activation of special vesicle that have highly water permeable pores. → aquaporins → water is reabsorbed → water from tubular cells goes to renal interstitial fluid and then blood by osmosis.

66
Q

How much time does it takes for vasopressin to increase the water permeability?

A

5-10 minutes

67
Q

What are the factors that regulate ADH secretion?

A
  1. Osmolarity of extracellular fluid
  2. Low blood volume
  3. Low blood pressure.
68
Q

How does osmolarity effects ADH secretion?

A

High osmolarity → stimulates ADH secretion
Low osmolarity→ inhibits its secretion

69
Q

What are the receptors that detects osmolarity of fluid, its mechanism and location?

A

Osmoreceptors

When extracellular fluid is concentrated → fluid is pulled from osmoreceptors → they becomes small → and sends signals to hypothalamus → for ADH secretion.

When extracelular fluid is dented → fluid goes into Osmoreceptors → they increase in size → and finds signals to hypothalamus → to inhibit ADH secretion.

They are present either in hypothalamus or organum vasculosum( structure in anterioventral wall of third ventricles)

70
Q

How does vasopressin increases blood pressure and what are receptors for its detection?

A

When increased in high amount it causes vasoconstriction of arterials throughout the body.
Baroreceptor’s of carotid, aortic and pulmonary region

71
Q

How does vasopressin increases blood volume and what are the receptors for
Its detection?

A

Vasopressin increases blood volume by reabsorption of water from kidneys.

Atria have street receptors → excited by overfilling → inhibits vasopressin secretion
Inhibited by underfilling → stimulates vasopressin secretion

72
Q

What are the two main types of receptors for vasopressin and what 2nd messenger system they use?

A

V1→ collecting ducts → adenylyl -cyclase - camp
V2→ blood vessels → phospholipase C

73
Q

What are the functions of oxytocin?

A
  1. Child birth
  2. Milk ejection reflex or milk letdown
74
Q

What is the stimulus for oxytocin in child birth?

A

Stimulation of cervix in pregnant woman sends impulses to brain to secrete oxytocin

75
Q

At what stage of labor does the oxytocin increases more in blood?

A

In last stages → towards the end of gestation.

76
Q

What is the mechanism for milk ejection by oxytocin?

A

Suckling of nipple → stimulus to hypothalamus → secretion of oxytocin → goes to myoepithilial cells surrounding alveoli → milk goes from alveoli to the ducts → and milk ejection begins

FOE (7 decks)

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