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FOE > Endo Physio Chap 2 > Flashcards

Endo Physio Chap 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six important hormones of anterior pituitary?

A
  1. Gh
  2. ACTH
  3. Prolectin
  4. TSH
    5.LH
    6.FSH
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2
Q

What are the two hormones of posterior pituitary?

A
  1. ADH
    2.Oxytocin
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3
Q

What are the different types of cell of anterior pituitary?

A
  1. Somatotrophs → gh
  2. Gonadotrophs→FSH and LH
    3.lactotrophs or mamotrophs → prolectin
  3. Corticotrophs → ACTH and alpha-MSH ( pre opio-melanocortin )
  4. Thyrotrophs → TSH
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4
Q

What are the most abundant cells of anterior pituitary?

A

Somatotrophs = 30 - 40 %
Corticotrophs = 20%
Others are 2-3%

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5
Q

What are acidophilic tumors?

A

The tumors of pituitary glands in which large quantities of growth hormone is secreted → because somatotrophs are acidophilic

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6
Q

( What are the large neurons called that secreted posterior
Pituitary hormones and where are they located?

A

Magnocellular neurons located in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus

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7
Q

Through what systems does hypothalamus controls the secretion of anterior and posterior pituitary?

A

Posterior pituitary → nerve signals from hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary → simulator or inhibitory hormones through hypothalamic - hypophysial portal vessels

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8
Q

Where are the hormones of hypothalamus that controls anterior pituitary secreted from the nerve endings?

A

In the median eminence and tuber cinereum, extension of hypothalamic tissue into pituitary stalk,→ from there they are absorbed into hypothalamic - hypophyseal portal blood vessels

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9
Q

What are the important stimolatory and inhibitory hormones of hypothalamus:?

A
  1. Growth hormone releasing factor
  2. Gonado tropin releasing factor
  3. Prolectin inhibitory hormone
  4. Growth hormone inhibitory hormone → somatostatin
  5. Thyrotropin releasing hormone
  6. Corticotrophins releasing hormone
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10
Q

What is growth hormone also known as and how many aminoacids does it have?

A

It is also known as sometotropic hormone or somato tropin
It have 191 amino acids.

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11
Q

What are the three main functions of growth hormone beside growth?

A
  1. Enhances protein synthesis
  2. Reduces fat stores → increased mobilization and utilization of fatty acids from adipose tissues
    3.conserves glucose → decreased utilization of carbohydrates
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12
Q

What are the three main functions of growth hormone beside growth?

A
  1. Enhances protein synthesis
  2. Reduces fat stores → increased mobilization and utilization of fatty acids from adipose tissues
    3.conserves glucose → decreased utilization of carbohydrates
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13
Q

What are the different nuclei that secrete different hypothalamus hormones that control anterior pituitary secretion?

A

1.paraventricular = TRH and CRH
2. Preoptic = GnRH
3. Arcuate = GHRH and PIH

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14
Q

What are the four main factors / functions through which growth hormone increases protein deposition in tissue?

A
  1. Increases the uptake of amino acids by cell → increases the cell permeability for amino acids.
  2. Increases RNA translation by ribosomes to produce more proteins
  3. Increases transcription of DNA to form RNA for protein synthesis → most important step in long run.
  4. Decreases protein degradation → growth hormone causes lipid breakdown → so energy comes form fats for growth and thus proteins are spared.
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15
Q

What are the factors through which growth hormone increases fat utilization and mobilization?

A
  1. Releases fatty acids from adipose tissues → thus increases fatty acids concentration in body fluids.
  2. Causes conversion of fatty acid to acetyl coA which is used for energy production.
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16
Q

What is the ketogenic effect of excessive growth hormone?

A

It causes ketosis → because more acetoacetic acid is produced by liver due to enhanced mobilization of fats
It may cause fatty liver

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17
Q

What are the factors through which growth hormone causes decrease in carbohydrate utilization?

A
  1. Decreased uptake of glucose by skeletal muscles and fats
  2. Increased glucose production in liver → gluconeogenesis
  3. Increased insulin secretion.
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18
Q

Why is growth hormone called diabetogenic ?

A

Because it causes growth hormone induced insulin resistance by decreasing the activity of insulin ( uptake and utilization of glucose and inhibits gluconeogenesis)→ which leads to increase glucose in blood
And thus growth hormone excess can cause diabetes type 2 (insulin - independent)

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19
Q

How does increase fatty acids in blood decreases insulin ability?

A

Because it decreases sensitivity of liver and skeletal muscles to insulin effects on carbohydrate metabolism

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20
Q

What are the two substances necessary for growth promoting action of growth hormone?

A
  1. Carbohydrates → for energy requirement
  2. Insulin → for energy and increase uptake of some amino aids into cell.
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21
Q

What are the three main effects of growth hormone on bones?

A
  1. Increased deposition of proteins by condrocytic and osteogenie cells
  2. Increased reproduction of these cells
  3. Converting condrocytes into osteogenic cells
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22
Q

What are the two principle mechanism of bone growth by growth hormone?

A

, 1. Long bone grows in length at epiphyseal cartilages → it 1st causes deposition of new cartilage and then converting it to bone
2. Growth hormone stimulates osteoblasts. → which deposits new bone over old bone → bones becomes thicker.

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23
Q

What are somatomedins and what is its function.?

A

Somatomedins are proteins secreted by liver ( some other tissues) in response to growth hormone.
It has a potent effect on growth of bones.

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24
Q

What is the most important somatomedin and what is it called?

A

Somatomedin C is the most important one
It is also called igf-1 because it has insulin like effect on growth.

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25
What is the importance of somatomedin C?
It acts like growth hormone but it has a prolonged action because it strongly attaches to carrier proteins in blood (growth hormone attaches weakly and have short action duration) Its half life is 20 hours (growth hormone → half life = 20 minutes)
26
What are the factors that regulate the secretion of growth hormone? (9 factors)
1. Starvation (protein deficiency) 2. Blood glucose or free fatty acid concentration 3. Exercise 4. Trauma 5. Excitement 6. Gherlin ( hormone secreted by stomach before meal) 7. Ghrh 8.in deep sleep (early stages) 9. Somatomedin C
27
Normal concentration of growth hormone ' in children and adults.?
Children = 6ng/ml Adults = 1.6 to 3 ng / ml
28
What are the acute and chronic stimulators of growth hormone?
Acute → hypoglycemia Chronic → protein depletion
29
In severe conditions of protein malnutrition are adequate calories alone sufficient to correct excess production of growth hormone?
No → because the protein deficiency must be corrected for growth hormone to return to normal
30
What are the two hormones of hypothalamus that regulates growth hormone?
1. Growth hormone releasing hormone → stimulates growth hormone secretion. 2. Somatostatin → inhibits growth hormone secretion
31
How does the same signals that stimulate a person's behavioral feeding instincts also alter rate of growth hormone secretion?
Because growth hormone is secreted by ventromedial nucleus (arcuate) of hypothalamus which is also the area that is sensitive to blood glucose concentration
32
What are the three hormones / neurotransmitters that increases secretion of growth hormone?,
Catecholamines, dopamine and serotonin
33
What is the pathway through which ghrh causes secretion of growth hormone?
Adenylyl cyclase - camp system.
34
What is the long term and short term effect of ghrh on sometotrophs?
1. Short term → causes influx of calcium ions → which in turn causes secretory granules to fuse with cell membrane → and secrets growth hormone. 2. Long term → causes transcription of DNA and specific gene to produce more growth hormone
35
What is the effect of exogenous growth hormone on endogenous?
When exogenous growth hormone is given it decreases endogenous secretion through negative feedback.
36
What is the major long term controller of growth hormone?
Long term state of Nutrition of tissue → especially level of proteins
37
What is panhypopituitrism?
Decreased secretion of all the hormones of anterior pituitary
38
What are the three main causes of panhypopituitarism in adults?
1. Craniopharyngiomas → compresses anterior pituitary and destroy its cells 2. Chromophe tumors → same as above. 3. Thrombosis of pituitary blood vessels → new mother experiences circulatory shock after birth of new child
39
What are the effects of panhypopituitarism ?
1. Hypothyroidism 2. Depressed production of glucocorticoids. 3.Suppressed secretion of sex hormones
40
Symptoms of pannypopituitarism?
1. Lethargy (hypothyroidism) 2. Weight gain (low thyroid hormones and fat mobilization due to low growth hormone ) 3. Lost sexual function.
41
Treatment of panhypopituitarism?
Except abnormal sexual function → treated by administration. Of adrenocortical and thyroid hormones.
42
What is the cause of dwarfism?
1. Generalized deficiency of anterior pituitary secretion 2. Only growth hormone deficiency 3. Somotomodian C deficiency (hereditary)
43
Which substance deficiency occurs in African Pygmy and Levi - Lorain dwarfs?
Somatomedin C
44
What are the effects of dwarfism?
All parts of body develop in proportion but rate of development is greatly decreased A person with panhypopituitarism dwarfism never pass through puberty and secrete enough sex hormones
45
How is dwarfism treated?
Administration of human growth hormones
46
Cause of gigantism?,
Acidophilic tumors of pituitary gland
47
Effects of gigantism?
1. Increased height 2. Hyperglycemia 3. Beta cells of pancreas destroys due to being overactive in order to cope with hyperglycemis 4. Full blown diabetes Miletus (10%)
48
What happens if the tumor remains _ untreated in gigantism!
- Panhypopituitarism occurs due to tutor growth. And eventually the whole gland is destroyed while can cause death.
49
Treatment of gigantism?
Microsurgical removal of tumor or by radiation
50
What is acromegaly?
Increase in growth hormone in adults when the epiphysis of bones have fused
51
What are the symptoms or effects of acromegaly?
T enlarged hands and feet 2. Jaw and forehead enlarged 3. Supra orbital ridges grows excessively 4. Vertebra → hunched back → kyphosis 5. Enlarged tongue, liver and kidneys.
52
What are the physical effects of low growth hormone in old age?
1. Wrinkling of skin 2. Loss of muscle mass and strength 3. Loss of function of some organs.
53
What are the pros of growth recombinant therapy in aged people?
1. Deposition of more protein in muscles 2. Less fat depositions 3. More energized
54
What are the cons of growth hormone therapy in aged people?
1. Insulin resistance 2. Edema 3. Carpel tunnel syndrome 4. Diabetes 5. Joint pain.
55
How does the normal value of growth hormone in old age decrease aging?
It causes deposition of protein in places of fats.
56
How does the normal value of growth hormone in old age decrease aging?
It causes deposition of protein in places of fats.
57
What are pituicytes ?
Supporting cells in posterior pituitary (glial cells)
58
Hormones of posterior pituitary are?
ADH and oxytocin
59
If the pituitary stalk is cut ; what happens to posterior pituitary hormones?
There will be a transient decrease for few days but then it will be secreted normally by the cut portion within the hypothalamus
60
What is the name of carrier protein that carries posterior pituitary hormones down from hypothalami's to posterior pituitary within nerve fibers?
' Neurophysin
61
Through what mechanism is the posterior pituitary hormones secreted into blood vessels?
When nerve impulses comes from supra optic and paraventricular Nucleus→ the hormones are released through exocytosis.
62
What happens to the neurophysins after secretion of hormones?
, It is secreted along with hormones → but due to loosely bound with hormones → only the hormones is absorbed to blood and neurophysins remains behind.
63
What is the difference in structure of ADH and oxytocin?
They both have some nine amino acids except in vasopressin the phenylalanine and arginine replaces the isoleucine and leucine of oxytocin
64
What is the function of ADH ?
Causes reabsorption of water by DCT and collecting ducts. When present → permeability for water increases in ducts and concentrated urine is excreted. When absent → ducts almost becomes impermeable to water and dilute urine is excreted.
65
What is the mechanism through which vasopressin works?
When attached to receptors→ activates ardenylyl cycles - camp system → causes activation of special vesicle that have highly water permeable pores. → aquaporins → water is reabsorbed → water from tubular cells goes to renal interstitial fluid and then blood by osmosis.
66
How much time does it takes for vasopressin to increase the water permeability?
5-10 minutes
67
What are the factors that regulate ADH secretion?
1. Osmolarity of extracellular fluid 2. Low blood volume 3. Low blood pressure.
68
How does osmolarity effects ADH secretion?
High osmolarity → stimulates ADH secretion Low osmolarity→ inhibits its secretion
69
What are the receptors that detects osmolarity of fluid, its mechanism and location?
Osmoreceptors When extracellular fluid is concentrated → fluid is pulled from osmoreceptors → they becomes small → and sends signals to hypothalamus → for ADH secretion. When extracelular fluid is dented → fluid goes into Osmoreceptors → they increase in size → and finds signals to hypothalamus → to inhibit ADH secretion. They are present either in hypothalamus or organum vasculosum( structure in anterioventral wall of third ventricles)
70
How does vasopressin increases blood pressure and what are receptors for its detection?
When increased in high amount it causes vasoconstriction of arterials throughout the body. Baroreceptor's of carotid, aortic and pulmonary region
71
How does vasopressin increases blood volume and what are the receptors for Its detection?
Vasopressin increases blood volume by reabsorption of water from kidneys. Atria have street receptors → excited by overfilling → inhibits vasopressin secretion Inhibited by underfilling → stimulates vasopressin secretion
72
What are the two main types of receptors for vasopressin and what 2nd messenger system they use?
V1→ collecting ducts → adenylyl -cyclase - camp V2→ blood vessels → phospholipase C
73
What are the functions of oxytocin?
1. Child birth 2. Milk ejection reflex or milk letdown
74
What is the stimulus for oxytocin in child birth?
Stimulation of cervix in pregnant woman sends impulses to brain to secrete oxytocin
75
At what stage of labor does the oxytocin increases more in blood?
In last stages → towards the end of gestation.
76
What is the mechanism for milk ejection by oxytocin?
Suckling of nipple → stimulus to hypothalamus → secretion of oxytocin → goes to myoepithilial cells surrounding alveoli → milk goes from alveoli to the ducts → and milk ejection begins

FOE (7 decks)

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