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DMD 5249 > Renal Pathology (6) > Flashcards

Renal Pathology (6) Flashcards

1
Q

What causes ADH secretion

A

high blood pressure sensed by the carotid barorecptors

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2
Q

What does ADH cause

A

it inserts aquaporins into the wall of the collecting duct, making it possible for water to leave the collecting duct, leading to less urine that is more concentrated.

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3
Q

What causes the kidneys to release renin, and the liver to release angiotensinogen

A

low blood pressure and low sodium

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4
Q

What do renin and angiotensinogen do

A

angiotensinogen is turned into angiotensin I by renin, then angiotenisin I is turned into Angiotensin II by ACE from the lungs, it then causes the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone. this causes reabsorption of Na, and secretion of K+

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5
Q

What is Azotemia

A

increased in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine

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6
Q

What is uremia

A

azotemia and more problems (Gastroenteritis, bleeding, peripheral neuropathy, fibrinous pericaditis)

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7
Q

What are glomerulopathies

A

disorders that directly affect the glomerulus, they are the most common cause of kidney failure. They cause decreased GFR, less urine, elevated plasma creatinine and urea

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8
Q

What are the two primary types of glomerulopathies

A 
nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)
Nephritic syndrome (nephritis)
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9
Q

What are the secondary types of glomerulopathies

A

lupus nephritis
diabetic nephropathy
DIC with thrombotic microangiopathy

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10
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)

A

damage to the glomerular membrane resulting in elargement of the fenestrations. causes secretion of proteins in the urine. but there are less overall fenestrations

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11
Q

what can cause nephrosis

A

hypertension
diabetes mellitus destroying capillary beds
Type 3 immune disorders (lupus and RA)

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12
Q

What happens to fluid balance in nephrosis

A

more water leaves the blood due to less osmotic pressure becuase of the proteins lost. this leads to edema and hypotension

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13
Q

how is nephrosis treated

A

Anti-inflammatory steroids
anti-immune drugs (if related)
insulin for diabetics
high protein diet

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14
Q

What are the three types of nephrosis

A

minimal change disease
focal segmental
membranous

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15
Q

What is minimal change disease nephrosis

A

common in children, few discernable changes, good prognosis

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16
Q

what is focal segmentation glomerulosclerosis

A

scarring of the glomerulus with a poor prognosis. can be primary, or caused by HIV, heroin, or hypertension

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17
Q

What is membranous glomerulonephritis

A

autoimmune activation of immune complex, causing deposition of antibodies in the basement membrane leading to increased permeability

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18
Q

What is nephritic syndrome (nephritis)

A

inflammation of the glumerulus

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19
Q

what causes nephritis

A 
immunologic abnormailities
drugs or toxins
vascular disorders
systemic diseases
viral cases
20
Q

What are the symptoms of nephritis

A

slight proteinuria
hematuria
azotemia
hypertension

21
Q

What are the types of nephritis

A

acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis
IgA nephropathy
RPGN
chronic glomerulonephritis

22
Q

what is acute postinfecious glomerulonephritis

A

happens 2-3 weeks after strep infection, antigen-antibody complexes precipitate on glomerular membrane, leads to inflammation and thickening

23
Q

how is acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis treated

A

antibiotics, anti-inflammatory steroids, Dialysis

24
Q

what is IgA neuropathy (Berger disease)

A

2-3 days after URT or GI viral infection, the IgA binds to mesangial cells causing them to proliferate

25
Q

how is IgA neuopathy treated

A

antibiotics, anti-inflammatory steroids, Dialysis

26
Q

What is RPGN (goodpasture syndrome)

A

rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis, antibodies form against the basement membrane

27
Q

how is RPGN treated

A

anti-inflammatory steroids, anti-immune drugs, kidney transplant

28
Q

what is chronic glomerulonephritis

A

slow progressive loss of renal function, caused by diabetes, hypertension, autoimmunity

29
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic glomerulonephritis

A

tubular atrophy, slight proteinuria, Waxy and RBC casts in urine

30
Q

how is chronic glomerulonephritis treated

A

autoimmune medication

31
Q

What are the types of inflammatory lesions of the nephron

A

polynephritis - invasive kidney infection (from UTI)

Drug induced intersitial nephritis

32
Q

What is acute Tubular Necrosis

A

ischemia or toxicity induced tubular injury. most common cause of acute renal failure, but it is reversible

33
Q

What is fanconi syndrome

A

a genetic, or aquirable disease of the PCT associated with decreased reabsorption. more stuff in the urine, less stuff in the blood

34
Q

What is benign nephrosclerosis

A

hyaline thickening of arterial walls caused by benign hypertension, that can lead to mild functional impairment

35
Q

What is malignant nephrosclerosis

A

hyperplastic vessels that leads to renal ischemia. it is found in patients with malignant hypertension and is an emergency

36
Q

What is adult polycystic kidney disease

A

autosomal dominant disorder that leads to many cysts in the kidneys. it is usually associated with brain aneurysms

37
Q

what is childhood polycystic kidney disease

A

autosomal recessive disorder with numerous small cysts that are also in the liver. often lethal

38
Q

What is urolithiasis

A

kidney stones (calculus in the urinary collection syndrome) more commonly found in males, with calcium oxalate as the main component.

39
Q

what is the process of urolithiasis formation

A

supersaturation of one or more salts
precipitation of a salt from liquid to solid (temp and ph influence it alkaline = Ca and phosphate stone, acid = uric acid stones)
grow into a stone

40
Q

What is hydronephrosis

A

blockage leading to fluid accumulation and dilation of renal pelvices and calyces

41
Q

what causes hydronephrosis

A

congenitral atresa of ureter
calculi
tumors
inflammation

42
Q

From where is a renal cell carcinoma derived

A

tubular epithelium

43
Q

What causes renal cell carcinoma

A

smoking and hypertension

44
Q

how is renal cell carcinoma manifested

A

hematuria, flank pain

45
Q

from where is bladder carcinoma derived

A

transitional epithelium

46
Q

how is bladder carcinoma manifested

A

painless hematuria

47
Q

What is micturition syncope

A

fainting while and after urination

DMD 5249 (10 decks)

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