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DMD 5249 > GI pathology (6) > Flashcards

GI pathology (6) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Sjogren syndrome

A

an autoimmune disorder that destroys the lacrimal and salivary glands, causing dry eyes and mouth.
it is a systemic disease that can lead to lymphoma

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2
Q

Which disease is warthins tumor associated with

A

Sjogren syndrome

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3
Q

How is Sjogren syndrome treated

A

adequate oral hydration and careful hygene. as well as cholinergic agents (stimulate saliva)
Lubricating solutions for the eye
steroids for the systemic problems

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4
Q

What is a mucoepidermoid carcinoma

A

a common malignant salivary gland tumor that is often in the parotid gland

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5
Q

What is a hiatal hernia

A

a dilated portion of the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm which can cause ulceration and bleeding.

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6
Q

what are the manifestations of a hiatal hernia

A

heartburn, regurgitation of chyme, GERD progressing to reflux esophagitis

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7
Q

What are the two types of hiatal hernias

A

sliding (most common)

paraesophageal -rolling-

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8
Q

What is mallory-weiss syndrome

A

GE junction tears that are caused by vomiting and manifest through bleeding, pain, and infection.

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9
Q

how is mallory-weiss syndrome treated

A

cauterization, it usually heals but can sometimes be fatal

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10
Q

what is barrett esophagus

A

replacement of squamous epithelium by columnar epithelium with goblet cells that is caused by chronic reflux esopahgitis

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11
Q

What is the danger with barrett esophagus

A

it can drastically increase your risk of adenocarcinoma

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12
Q

what is the treatment for barrett esophagus

A

you screen for high grade dysplasia

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13
Q

What are the two types of esophageal carcinomas, and how do they differ

A

Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma

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14
Q

how do the risk factors for adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma differ

A

risk factors for adenocarcinoma is barretts esophagus

risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma is esophagitis, smoking, alcohol, genetics

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15
Q

how does the location of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma differ

A

adenocarcinoma is found in the distal 1/3 of esophagus

squamous cell carcinoma is in the middle 1/3 of the esophagus

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16
Q

what are the symptoms for adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma

A

both and insidious onset and late obstruction

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17
Q

What is gastritis

A

an inflammatory disorder of the gastric mucosa that can lead to erosion

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18
Q

what is acute gastritis

A

superficial erosion of the mucosa due to H. Pylori, or NSAIDS, Alcohol, and smoking

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19
Q

What are the types of chronic gastritis

A

chronic fundal gastritis (autoimmune)
Chronic antral gastritis (more common)
gastritis can lead to intestinal metaplasia

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20
Q

what is the difference between erosion and an ulcer

A

erosion is when erosion only occurs in the mucosa, ulcers are when the erosion goes all the way through the mucosa and into the submucosa

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21
Q

What are the causes of Stomach ulcers

A

H. Pylori, NSAIDS

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22
Q

what are the manifestations of stomach ulcers

A

GI bleeding, perforation, and epigastric pain

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23
Q

What can be seen in upper gastrointestinal bleeding (esophagus, stomach, duodenum)

A

Hematamesis (vomiting blood)

Melena (dark sticky, partially digested blood in stool)

24
Q

what can be seen in lower GI bleeding (jejunum, iluem, colon, rectum)

A

Hematochezia (stool with fresh, red blood)

25
Q

How can you diagnose if an ulcer is in the stomach or the duodenum

A

by how long it takes for you to feel pain after eating. immediately = stomach
few hours = duodenum

26
Q

What is a gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome)

A

a tumor in the pancreas or duodenum that secretes excess gastrin which leads to ulcers

27
Q

What is a polyp

A

nodules that project above the level of the surrounding mucosa, that are usually accompanied by chronic gastritis, and can be precancerous if larger than 1.5 cm

28
Q

What are the characteristics of intestinal type carcinoma

A
  • arises in intestinal metaplasia
  • tend to be bulky
  • caused by chronic gastritis and poor diet
  • glandular morphology
  • asymptomatic
29
Q

what are the characteristics of diffuse type carcinoma

A
  • arises from gastric glands
  • results in thick GI wall
  • undefined risk factors
  • singlet ring morphoplogy
  • asymptomatic
30
Q

What is diverticulitis

A

mucosa and submucosa in the sigmoid colon herniate through the muscle wall and become infected.

31
Q

What is diverticulosis

A

mucosa and submucosa in the intestines herniate through the muscle wall and aren’t infected

32
Q

What are the two types of inflammatory bowel disease

A

crohn disease and ulcerative colitis

33
Q

compare crohn disease and ulcerative colitis

  • location
  • lesions
  • depth
  • treatment
  • risk of cancer
  • cause
A

crohn disease Ulcerative colitis

  • anywhere - colon only
  • patchy lesions - continuous lesions
  • transmural - superficial
  • poor response - good response to surgery
  • both of them increase cancer risk
  • genetics and environment - autoimmune
34
Q

What is irritable bowel syndrome

A

an intestinal disorder causing pain, cramps, gas, diarrhea

35
Q

what can cause IBS

A

abnormal motility
allergies/sensitivities
Gut bacteria

36
Q

What is celiac disease

A

autoimmune disorder of the small intestine caused by gliadin (a gluten protein) that causes damage of small intestinal villi, mouth ulcers, pain, thinning hair, and diarrhea

37
Q

what is hirschprung disease

A

a congential disorder caused by a section of aganglionic colon, that section has no peristalsis which leads to obstruction, and a swollen colon

38
Q

What is colorectal carcinoma

A

carcinoma in the colon/rectum area caused by adenoma (polyp)

39
Q

what are the symptoms of colorectal carcinoma

A

fatigue, iron-deficient anemia, occult bleeding

40
Q

What are the manifestations of diarrheal disease

A

increased frequency of bowel movements
increased volume, fluidity and weight of feces
hemodynamic changes if prolonged

41
Q

What are the three types of diarrhea

A

osmotic diarrhea - undigested lactose
secretory diarrhea - cholera
motility diarrhea - post GI surgery

42
Q

what causes secretory diarrhea

A

when toxins (cholera) enhance colonic Cl- secretion

43
Q

how is cholera treated

A

oral rehydration therapy

44
Q

What is maldigestion

A

failure of the chemical processes of digestion

45
Q

what is malabsorption

A

failure of the intestinal mucosa to absorb digested nutrients

46
Q

What are the four main malabsorption/maldigestion insufficiencies

A

pancreatic insufficiencies
lactase insufficiencies
bile salt insufficiencies
fat soluble vitamin insufficiencies

47
Q

What is pancreatic insufficient malabsorption

A

insufficient pancreatic enzyme production caused by pancreaitis, pancreatic carcinoma, cystic fibrosis that can lead to fat maldigestion, fatty stools, and weight loss

48
Q

What is a lactase deficiency (maldigestion)

A

inability to breakdown lactose into monosaccharides, fermetation of lactose leads to gas and osmotic diarrhea

49
Q

What is a bile salt deficiency (maldigestion)

A

liver disease and bile obstructions that cause insufficient bile salts, so that fats can’t be emulsified and absorbed. this can lead to fatty stools, diarrhea, and loss of fat soluble vitamins

50
Q

What is caused by vitamin A deficiency

A

night blindness

51
Q

what is caused by vitamin D deficiency

A

decreased calcium absorption, bone pain, osteoporosis, fractures

52
Q

what is caused by vitamin K deficiency

A

prolonged prothrombin time, purpura (bruising), petechia (spots)

53
Q

what is caused by vitamin E deficiency

A

slow growth, muscle weakness

54
Q

What are obesogens

A

compounds that can increase weight gain
Bisphenol A
DES
MSG

55
Q

What are bariatric surgeries

A

they are surgeries that work to restrict food comsumption and/or nutrient malabsorption. all of which lead to weight loss and improve metabolic health

56
Q

what is gastric bypass dumping syndrome

A

a complication of a partial gastrectomy or pyloroplasty surgery, in which chyme rapidly emptys into the small intestine causing increased osmotic pressure in the gut causing plasma volume decreases, increased pulse rate, hypotension, loss of consciousness. Motility diarrhea

DMD 5249 (10 decks)

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