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DMD 5249 > Genitourinary Embryology and Histology (6) > Flashcards

Genitourinary Embryology and Histology (6) Flashcards

1
Q

What forms much of the urogenital system

A

intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

What are the three regions of the developing urinary system

A

pronephros
mesonephros
metanephros

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3
Q

What comes of the pronephros

A

degenrates early on, it may concentrate urine but doesn’t have ducts to excrete it

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4
Q

What comes of the mesonephros

A

the glomerulus surrounded by a capsule, the mesonephric tubule extends toward the capillary bed from the mesonephric duct (in function weeks 6-10)

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5
Q

What is the formation of the mesonephric (wolffian) duct

A

primary mesonephric ducts extend caudally and stimulate the formation of mesonephric tubules, then it becomes the mesonephric (wolffian) duct and attaches to the cloaca

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6
Q

What happens to the mesonephric (wolffian) duct in males and females

A

it develops the ureteric bud, and regresses in females, but becomes the ductus deferens in males

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7
Q

What comes of the metanephros

A

the ureteric bud grows into the posterior intermediate mesoderm and the ureteric bud elongates, branches, and becomes the collecting duct system

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8
Q

What is the metanephric blastema, and what does it do

A

it is the cells surrounding the metanephric duct, and it uses reciprocal inductive signals with the ureteric bud to create nephrons

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9
Q

what is a nephron, and what are its parts

A

it is the functional unit of the kidney

  • Glomerulus
  • bowmans capsule
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • loop of henle
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • collecting duct
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10
Q

Where do the nephrons form from and are the inner or outer nephrons older

A

nephrons form from the ampulla, and the inner nephrons are older than the outer nephrons

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11
Q

How do you go from the ureteric bud to 1-3 million nephrons

A

the ureteric bud undergoes bifurcations

  • first ampulla = renal pelvis
  • week 6, 4 bifurcations = major calyces
  • week 7, more bifurcations = minor calcyes
  • week 32, many bifurcations = millions of nephrons
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12
Q

when is nephrogenesis completed

A

by birth

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13
Q

What happens in the migration of the kidneys

A

they migrate from the pelvis to the lateral abdomen and come in contact with the adrenal glands

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14
Q

What is the urogential sinus, and what is it continuous with

A

the urogenital sinus is a sinus that develops into the bladder, and its continuous with the base of the allantois

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15
Q

what is incorporated into the bladder

A

mesonephric ducts, and ureteric bud

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16
Q

What is congenital polycystic kidney

A

an autosomal dominant disorder where the kidneys are filled with cysts

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17
Q

What is horseshoe kidney

A

when the two kidneys fuse together

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18
Q

what is duplex ureter and kidney

A

when one side has two ureteric buds, so they form two ureters and kidneys on one side (the other side still has a normal kidney and ureter)

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19
Q

What is bilateral renal agenesis (oligohydramnios or potters syndrome)

A

when both kidneys fail to form

20
Q

What are urachal fistulas and urachal sinuses

A

when the allantois is persistent a tube forms from the bladder to the umbilicus, which causes urine to flow out freely there. (URACHAL FISTULA)
when the allantois is partially persistent, less fluid, that is more viscus and mucousy comes out of the umbilicus (URACHAL SINUS)

21
Q

What forms the male tubes of the urinary system?

what forms the female tubes of the urinary system

A

Mesonephric ducts form the males tubes, (and ureteric buds)

Paramesonephric ducts form the female tubes

22
Q

What are other names for the mesonephric ducts and paramesonephric ducts

A 
mesonephric = wolffian
Paramesonephric = mullerian
23
Q

What happens in male sexual duct differentiation

A
  1. sertoli cells secrete mullerian inhibiting substance (AMH) causing paramesoneprhic ducts to degenerate
  2. testosterone stimulates mesonephric ducts to develop into the ductus deferens
24
Q

What happens in female sexual duct differentiation

A
  1. NO mullerian inhibitory factor or testosterone leads to the degeneration of the mesoneprhic ducts, and the paramesoneprhic ducts continue to develop
25
Q

What are the parts of indifferent external genitalia and what do they develop into in males and females

A 
genital eminence (M = Glans of penis
genital tubercle (M = Penis, F = Clitoris)
genital folds (M = fuse and make raphe, F = labia minora)
urogenital sinus (M = gone, F = Urethra)
genital swellings (M = scrotal pouch, F = labia majora)
26
Q

From where do the vagina and uterus develop

A

from the mullerian ducts that contact the urogenital sinus, there epithelial proliferation induces formation of the uterovaginal plateq

27
Q

What are some uterine abnormalities

A 
uterus didelphys with double vagina
uterus arcuatus (indented top of uterus)
uterus bicornis (two uterus', one vagina)
uterus bicornis unicollis
Atresa of cervix
Atresa of vagina
28
Q

How does the digestive system work with the urinary system

A

it absorbs nutrients and excretes waste

29
Q

how does the liver work with the urinary system

A

it adjusts the nutrient concentration in the blood

30
Q

how does the cardiovascular system work with urinary system

A

when blood leaves the tissues it carries CO2 and organic waste products to be excreted

31
Q

where are most organic wastes removed

A

by the urinary system

32
Q

What are the parts of the urinary system

A

kidney (urine production)
ureter (transports urine from kidney to bladder)
Bladder (stores urine)
urethra (conducts urine to exterior, in males also carries semen)

33
Q

What are the three functions of the urinary system

A

Excretion - removal or organic waste from body fliuds
Elimination - Discharge of waste products
Homeostatic regulation - regulates blood plasma volume and solute concentration

34
Q

What are the different homeostatic functions of the urinary system

A
  1. regulates blood volume and pressure
  2. regulates plasma ion concentration
  3. stabilize blood ph
  4. conserves valuable nutrients
  5. assists liver to detoxify poisons
35
Q

how does the urinary system regulate blood volume and pressure

A
  • adjusting water lost in urine

- releasing erythropoietin

36
Q

How does the urinary system regulate plasma ion concentration

A
  • controlling amount of Na, K, and Cl lost in urine

- synthesizing calcitrol to regulate Ca

37
Q

how does the urinary system stabilize blood ph

A

controlling loss of H ions and bicarbonate ions in urine

38
Q

how does the urinary system help conserve valuable nutrients

A

preventing their excretion while excreting organic waste

39
Q

Where are the kidneys found, and what holds them there

A

they are on both sides of the vertebral column with the left one being superior to the right one. The adrenal gland sits on top.
the peritoneum, other visceral organs, and connective tissues hold them in place

40
Q

What are the three concentric layers of connective tissues around the kidneys

A
  1. fibrous capsule (innermost, made of collagen)
  2. perinephric fat capsule (midlle, made of adipose)
  3. Renal fascia (outermost, fibrous, holds kidney to structures)
41
Q

What are the parts of the nephron

A 
glomerulus
glomerular capsule (bowmans capsule)
Proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
42
Q

Where in the kidney is the nephron found

A

the cortex has all of the nephron, except the loop of henle, which is in the medulla

43
Q

How do the cortex and medulla differ histologically

A

the cortex you can see the glomerulus and capsule, the medulla just looks like tubes

44
Q

how do the proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule differ histologically

A

the PCT has simple cuboidal epithelium and a wide lumen with brush border
the DCT has simple cuboidal epithelium, a very wide lumen, with no brush border

45
Q

What does a ureter look like histologically

A

two layers of smooth muscle (3 in lower 1/3)

transitional epithelium

46
Q

what does the bladder look like histologically

A

3 layers of smooth muscle, and urothelium

47
Q

what is the urethra like histologically

A

goes from urothelium to pseudostratified colomnar, to stratafied squamous

DMD 5249 (10 decks)

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