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Renal R&M > Renal path: random memorization > Flashcards

Renal path: random memorization Flashcards

1
Q

Why can nephrotic syndrome induce a hypercoagulable state?

A

Loss of AT III in the urine

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2
Q

Why can nephrotic syndrome increase risk of infection?

A

Loss of Ig in urine

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3
Q

MCC of nephrotic syndrome in African Americans and Hispanics?

A

FSGS

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4
Q

Which cause of nephrotic syndrome is associated w/ HIV?

A

FSGS

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5
Q

Which cause of nephrotic syndrome is associated w/ SLE?

A

Membranous nephropathy

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6
Q

Which cause of nephrotic syndrome is associated w/ heroin use?

A

FSGS

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7
Q

Which cause of nephrotic syndrome is associated w/ HBV and HCV?

A

Type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (yes, I know membranous nephropathy is too since it’s associated with infections in general, but it’s less of a “classic association”)

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8
Q

Which cause of nephrotic syndrome is associated w/ C3 nephritic factor?

A

Dense deposit dz (type 2 MPGN)

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9
Q

What is the function of the C3 nephritic factor seen in dense deposit dz?

A

Stabilizes C3 convertase–> decr serum C3 levels

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10
Q

Which cause of nephrotic syndrome is associated w/ multiple myeloma?

A

Amyloidosis

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11
Q

Which cause of nephrotic syndrome is associated w/ TB?

A

Amyloidosis

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12
Q

Which cause of nephrotic syndrome is associated w/ Hodgkin lymphoma? What’s the mechanism behind this?

A

Minimal change dz; HL–> massive cytokine release–> MCD

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13
Q

Which cause of nephrotic syndrome is associated w/ antibody to phospholipase A2 receptor?

A

Membranous nephropathy

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14
Q

Which cause of nephrotic syndrome is associated w/ sickle cell dz?

A

FSGS

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15
Q

MCC of primary nephrotic syndrome in white adults?

A

Membranous nephropathy

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16
Q

Which cause of nephritic syndrome is associated with increased anti-DNase B titers?

A

Acute PSGN

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17
Q

PSGN is associated with “nephritogenic” strains of GAS. This means they have what virulence factor?

A

M protein

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18
Q

What 2 components are the crescents of RPGN made of, and what are the main 3 cells seen in them?

A

FIBRIN and protein

MACROPHAGES, monocytes, and glomerular parietal cells

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19
Q

Which cause of nephritic syndrome is the MCC of death in SLE?

A

DPGN

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20
Q

IgA nephropathy is also known as what?

A

Berger dz

21
Q

Alport syndrome arises from what mutation, and what’s its inheritance pattern?

A

Type IV collagen. MC is XLR

22
Q

MCC (general) of hydronephrosis?

A

Urinary tract obstruction

23
Q

What kind of atrophy do the renal cortex and medulla undergo in hydronephrosis?

A

Compression atrophy

24
Q

Which cells does RCC originate from?

A

PT cells

25
Q

Name the 3 major PNP syndromes associated with RCC

A

Ectopic EPO
ACTH
PTHrP

26
Q

What types of therapy is RCC resistant to?

A

Chemo and radiation

27
Q

Which vessel does RCC initially invade?

A

Renal vein

28
Q

RCC is associated with loss of VHL. Loss of VHL allows increased action of what 2 major cytokines?

A

IGF-1 (–> increased growth)

HIF (a TF that increases amounts of PDGF and VEGF)

29
Q

Name a benign epithelial cell tumor of the kidney

A

Renal oncocytoma

30
Q

Wilm’s tumor is also known as?

A

Nephroblastoma

31
Q

What mutation(s) are MC assoc w/ Wilms tumor? What chromosome(s) are they on?

A

LOF mutations of WT1 or 2; both on chr 11

32
Q

Wilms tumor can be a part of what 2 syndromes?

A

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

WAGR complex

33
Q 
Name the syndrome characterized by:
Wilms tumor
Neonatal hypoglycemia
Muscular hemihypertrophy
Organomegaly (including the tongue)
A

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

34
Q 
Name the syndrome characterized by:
Wilms tumor
Aniridia
GU malformations
ID
A

WAGR complex

35
Q

Name 2 drugs associated with increased risk of TCC of the urinary tract system

A

Phenacetin (fun fact: FDA banned it because of this)

Cyclophosphamide

36
Q

Which pathway to TCC starts as a high grade tumor and is associated with early p53 mutation?

A

Flat path

37
Q

Which pathway to TCC is NOT associated with early p53 mutation? Hint: it starts as a low-grade papillary tumor, then becomes high grade

A

Papillary path

38
Q

AdenoCA at the dome of the bladder. What was the probably underlying risk factor?

A

Urachal remnant

39
Q

Renal angiomyolipoma is associated with what genetic condition?

A

Tuberous sclerosis

40
Q

Acute cystitis with sterile pyruia and negative urine cultures suggest infection by which 2 bacteria?

A

N. gonorrhoeae

C. trachomatis

41
Q

Which renal condition can cause the tubules to contain eosinophilic casts resembling thyroid tissue (“thyroidization” of the kidney)?

A

Chronic pyelonephritis

42
Q

Diffuse cortical necrosis is likely due to a combination of what 2 pathophys factors?

A

DIC and vasospasm

43
Q

ATN: MC die in what phase?

A

Initial part of the oliguric phase

44
Q

In ATN, why does the oliguria last 2-3 weeks?

A

Renal tubule cells are STABLE cells; they take time to re-enter the cell cycle

45
Q

MC outcome of ATN?

A

Resolution w/ tubular re-epithelization

46
Q

Which phase of ATN has incr risk of hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis?

A

Maintenance

47
Q

Which phase of ATN has incr risk of hypokalemia?

A

Recovery

48
Q

Ischemic ATN most damages what part of the nephron?

A

PT and thick ascending limb

49
Q

Nephrotoxic ATN most damages what part of the nephron?

A

PT

Renal R&M (7 decks)

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