Renal path: random memorization

Question 1

Why can nephrotic syndrome induce a hypercoagulable state?

Answer 1

Loss of AT III in the urine

Question 2

Why can nephrotic syndrome increase risk of infection?

Answer 2

Loss of Ig in urine

Question 3

MCC of nephrotic syndrome in African Americans and Hispanics?

Answer 3

FSGS

Question 4

Which cause of nephrotic syndrome is associated w/ HIV?

Answer 4

FSGS

Question 5

Which cause of nephrotic syndrome is associated w/ SLE?

Answer 5

Membranous nephropathy

Question 6

Which cause of nephrotic syndrome is associated w/ heroin use?

Answer 6

FSGS

Question 7

Which cause of nephrotic syndrome is associated w/ HBV and HCV?

Answer 7

Type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (yes, I know membranous nephropathy is too since it’s associated with infections in general, but it’s less of a “classic association”)

Question 8

Which cause of nephrotic syndrome is associated w/ C3 nephritic factor?

Answer 8

Dense deposit dz (type 2 MPGN)

Question 9

What is the function of the C3 nephritic factor seen in dense deposit dz?

Answer 9

Stabilizes C3 convertase–> decr serum C3 levels

Question 10

Which cause of nephrotic syndrome is associated w/ multiple myeloma?

Answer 10

Amyloidosis

Question 11

Which cause of nephrotic syndrome is associated w/ TB?

Answer 11

Amyloidosis

Question 12

Which cause of nephrotic syndrome is associated w/ Hodgkin lymphoma? What’s the mechanism behind this?

Answer 12

Minimal change dz; HL–> massive cytokine release–> MCD

Question 13

Which cause of nephrotic syndrome is associated w/ antibody to phospholipase A2 receptor?

Answer 13

Membranous nephropathy

Question 14

Which cause of nephrotic syndrome is associated w/ sickle cell dz?

Answer 14

FSGS

Question 15

MCC of primary nephrotic syndrome in white adults?

Answer 15

Membranous nephropathy

Question 16

Which cause of nephritic syndrome is associated with increased anti-DNase B titers?

Answer 16

Acute PSGN

Question 17

PSGN is associated with “nephritogenic” strains of GAS. This means they have what virulence factor?

Answer 17

M protein

Question 18

What 2 components are the crescents of RPGN made of, and what are the main 3 cells seen in them?

Answer 18

FIBRIN and protein

MACROPHAGES, monocytes, and glomerular parietal cells

Question 19

Which cause of nephritic syndrome is the MCC of death in SLE?

Answer 19

DPGN

Question 20

IgA nephropathy is also known as what?

Answer 20

Berger dz

Question 21

Alport syndrome arises from what mutation, and what’s its inheritance pattern?

Answer 21

Type IV collagen. MC is XLR

Question 22

MCC (general) of hydronephrosis?

Answer 22

Urinary tract obstruction

Question 23

What kind of atrophy do the renal cortex and medulla undergo in hydronephrosis?

Answer 23

Compression atrophy

Question 24

Which cells does RCC originate from?

Answer 24

PT cells

Question 25

Name the 3 major PNP syndromes associated with RCC

Answer 25

Ectopic EPO ACTH PTHrP

Question 26

What types of therapy is RCC resistant to?

Answer 26

Chemo and radiation

Question 27

Which vessel does RCC initially invade?

Answer 27

Renal vein

Question 28

RCC is associated with loss of VHL. Loss of VHL allows increased action of what 2 major cytokines?

Answer 28

IGF-1 (--> increased growth) | HIF (a TF that increases amounts of PDGF and VEGF)

Question 29

Name a benign epithelial cell tumor of the kidney

Answer 29

Renal oncocytoma

Question 30

Wilm's tumor is also known as?

Answer 30

Nephroblastoma

Question 31

What mutation(s) are MC assoc w/ Wilms tumor? What chromosome(s) are they on?

Answer 31

LOF mutations of WT1 or 2; both on chr 11

Question 32

Wilms tumor can be a part of what 2 syndromes?

Answer 32

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome | WAGR complex

Question 33

``` Name the syndrome characterized by: Wilms tumor Neonatal hypoglycemia Muscular hemihypertrophy Organomegaly (including the tongue) ```

Answer 33

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

Question 34

``` Name the syndrome characterized by: Wilms tumor Aniridia GU malformations ID ```

Answer 34

WAGR complex

Question 35

Name 2 drugs associated with increased risk of TCC of the urinary tract system

Answer 35

Phenacetin (fun fact: FDA banned it because of this) | Cyclophosphamide

Question 36

Which pathway to TCC starts as a high grade tumor and is associated with early p53 mutation?

Answer 36

Flat path

Question 37

Which pathway to TCC is NOT associated with early p53 mutation? Hint: it starts as a low-grade papillary tumor, then becomes high grade

Answer 37

Papillary path

Question 38

AdenoCA at the dome of the bladder. What was the probably underlying risk factor?

Answer 38

Urachal remnant

Question 39

Renal angiomyolipoma is associated with what genetic condition?

Answer 39

Tuberous sclerosis

Question 40

Acute cystitis with sterile pyruia and negative urine cultures suggest infection by which 2 bacteria?

Answer 40

N. gonorrhoeae | C. trachomatis

Question 41

Which renal condition can cause the tubules to contain eosinophilic casts resembling thyroid tissue ("thyroidization" of the kidney)?

Answer 41

Chronic pyelonephritis

Question 42

Diffuse cortical necrosis is likely due to a combination of what 2 pathophys factors?

Answer 42

DIC and vasospasm

Question 43

ATN: MC die in what phase?

Answer 43

Initial part of the oliguric phase

Question 44

In ATN, why does the oliguria last 2-3 weeks?

Answer 44

Renal tubule cells are STABLE cells; they take time to re-enter the cell cycle

Question 45

MC outcome of ATN?

Answer 45

Resolution w/ tubular re-epithelization

Question 46

Which phase of ATN has incr risk of hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis?

Answer 46

Maintenance

Question 47

Which phase of ATN has incr risk of hypokalemia?

Answer 47

Recovery

Question 48

Ischemic ATN most damages what part of the nephron?

Answer 48

PT and thick ascending limb

Question 49

Nephrotoxic ATN most damages what part of the nephron?

Answer 49

PT