Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GI & Renal > Renal Membrane Transport DITKI Questions > Flashcards

Renal Membrane Transport DITKI Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A solvent is the substance another substance is dissolved in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the the tendency of a substance to spread out from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a solute?

A

Solutes are the substances dissolved in other substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of diffusion?
A) It occurs due to the random motion of molecules
B) Substances move from low concentration to high concentration
C) Substances eventually reach equilibrium
D) It requires no external energy

A

B) Substances move from low concentration to high concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

The state when there is no net movement of molecules in any direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Measure of the solute concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

If you add 4 moles of sodium chloride to water, how many osmoles will you have?

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What would happen to a red blood cell that is placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

It would lyse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What would happen to a red blood cell that is placed in an isotonic solution?

A

Nothing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What would happen to a red blood cell that is placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

It would shrivel up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

A solution that has a lower solute concentration than the inside of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

A solution that has a higher solute concentration than the inside of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

A solution that has the same solute concentration as the inside of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which of the following is a key feature of the cell membrane?
A) It comprises a lipid bilayer
B) It regulates the import and export of solutes
C) It separates the internal and external environment of the cell
D) all of the above

A

D) all of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which molecule is most likely to diffuse across the cell membrane?

A

Carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which of the following modifications would increase a molecule’s ability to diffuse across the cell membrane?
A) Protonating its carboxylate group (carboxylate = COO-)
B) Attaching a carboxyl group to it (COOH)
C) Attaching a long hydrophilic tail to its carboxyl group
D) Deprotonating its hydroxyl group (OH -> O- )

A

A) Protonating its carboxylate group (carboxylate = COO-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which of the following statements about channel proteins is true?
A) They undergo conformational changes upon solute binding.
B) They facilitate active transport.
C) They require energy to function.
D) They move molecules down their concentration gradient.

A

D) They move molecules down their concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which of the following is an example of active transport?
A) Aquaporins allow water molecules to diffuse freely through the membrane.
B) GLUT4 undergoes conformational changes to move glucose down its concentration gradient and into the cell. It requires no energy input.
C) The sodium-potassium pump transports potassium ions into the cell and sodium ions out of the cell. It consumes ATP in the process.
D) Calcitonin is a hormone that acts to reduce blood calcium.
E) A and B

A

C) The sodium-potassium pump transports potassium ions into the cell and sodium ions out of the cell. It consumes ATP in the process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which of the following statements is incorrect about diffusion across the cell membrane?
A) lons are small and therefore have a high diffusion rate
B) Water is a polar molecule; therefore it diffuses more slowly than oxygen.
C) Bigger molecules diffuse more slowly than smaller molecules.
D) Hydrophobic molecules diffuse faster than hydrophilic molecules.

A

A) lons are small and therefore have a high diffusion rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List these molecules in the order of their membrane diffusion rates, from fastest to slowest.
A) Oxygen - water - amino acids - calcium
B) Water - Oxygen - amino acids - calcium
C) Water - oxygen - calcium - amino acids
D) Calcium-oxygen - water-amino acids

A

A) Oxygen - water - amino acids - calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which of the following is an example of passive transport?
A) Aquaporins allow water molecules to diffuse freely through the membrane.
B) GLUT4 undergoes conformational changes to move glucose down its concentration gradient and into the cell. It requires no energy input.
C) The sodium-potassium pump transports potassium ions into the cell and sodium ions out of the cell. It consumes ATP in the process.
D) Calcitonin is a hormone that acts to reduce blood calcium.
E) A and B

A

E) A and B

23
Q

What would it take for transporters to reverse direction?

A

Concentration gradient flips

24
Q

Which of the following proteins transport molecules via passive transport?
A) Sodium/potassium pump
B) Aquaporin
C) Calcium pump
D) Proton pump

A

B) Aquaporin

25
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of passive transport?
A) Molecules move against their concentration gradient
B) It is sometimes referred to as facilitated diffusion
C) All channels work via passive transport
D) No energy input is required

A

A) Molecules move against their concentration gradient

26
Q

Other than concentration gradient, what else combines to form the electrochemical gradient?

A

Voltage across the cell membrane

27
Q

Which of the following is a description of channel proteins?
A) Extremely specific in the molecules they transport
B) Slower rate of movement compared to transporters
C) Sometimes referred to carriers
D) Some require a signal before they can “open” to allow molecules through

A

D) Some require a signal before they can “open” to allow molecules through

28
Q

Which part of the transporter protein binds solutes for transport?

A

Binding site

29
Q

Which of the following statements about the electrochemical gradient of non-charged molecules is true?
A) Voltage across the cell membrane is the sole, determining factor
B) Voltage across the cell membrane plays no role
C) Voltage across the cell membrane is just as important as concentration gradient

A

B) Voltage across the cell membrane plays no role

30
Q

Symporters and antiporters are:

A

Coupled transporters

31
Q

Which of the following is a symporter?
A) A transporter that uses ATP to transport Na+ against its electrochemical gradient.
B) A transporter that harnesses the energy of Na+ moving down its concentration gradient, to move Ca+2 against its concentration gradient in the opposite direction.
C) A channel that allows Na+ to move down its concentration gradient.
D) A transporter that harnesses the energy of Na+ moving down its concentration gradient, to move Ca+2 against its concentration gradient in the same direction.

A

D) A transporter that harnesses the energy of Na+ moving down its concentration gradient, to move Ca+2 against its concentration gradient in the same direction.

32
Q

Which of the following molecules would allow potassium to move into of the cell?
A) K+ ATP pump
B) Na/K symporter (Na moving into the cell)
C) Na/K antiporter (Na moving out of the cell)
D) K+ channel
E) A and B

A

E) A and B

33
Q

Which of the following is correct about the sodium-potassium pump?
A) It consumes approximately 30% of the cell’s ATP.
B) It pumps sodium into the cell, and potassium out of the cell.
C) It is an antiporter.
D) All of the above are correct

A

A) It consumes approximately 30% of the cell’s ATP

34
Q

Which of the following statements about active transport is incorrect?
A) It is the movement of solutes against their electrochemical gradients.
B) It does not require an input of energy.
C) It maintains the ionic composition of the intracellular environment.
D) All of the above

A

B) It does not require an input of energy.

35
Q

Which of the following is an antiporter?
A) A transporter that uses ATP to transport Nat against its electrochemical gradient.
B) A transporter that harnesses the energy of Na+ moving down its concentration gradient, to move Ca++ against its concentration gradient in the opposite direction.
C) A channel that allows Nat to move down its concentration gradient.
D) A transporter that harnesses the energy of Na+ moving down its concentration gradient, to move Cat+ against its concentration gradient in the same direction.

A

B) A transporter that harnesses the energy of Na+ moving down its concentration gradient, to move Ca++ against its concentration gradient in the opposite direction.

36
Q

Which of the following is not involved in active transport?
A) ATP pumps
B) Coupled transporters
C) Light-driven pumps
D) Channels

A

D) Channels

37
Q

Which of the following conditions does the glucose-sodium symport protein on the apical surface of epithelial intestinal cells need to function?
A) High extracellular (luminal) Na+
B) Low intracellular glucose
C) Low extracellular (luminal) Na+
D) High blood glucose

A

A) High extracellular (luminal) Na+

38
Q

How many sodium ions does the sodium/potassium pump move out of the cell?

A

3

39
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the sodium/potassium pump?
A) Helps maintain membrane voltage
B) Maintains sodium and potassium ion gradients
C) Releases sodium into the cell as part of an action potential
D) Helps maintain cellular volume

A

C) Releases sodium into the cell as part of an action potential

40
Q

What does the sodium/potassium pump use as an energy source to move ions against their electrochemical gradient?

A

ATP

41
Q

After intracellular sodium ions bind to the sodium/potassium pump, what is the next step?

A

The protein is phosphorylated

42
Q

What does the term phosphorylation indicate?

A

A phosphate is added to the protein

43
Q

How many potassium ions does the sodium/potassium pump move into the cell?

A

2

44
Q

About how much of the cell’s total ATP usage is it thought the sodium/potassium pump is responsible for?

A

30%

45
Q

What is the step right before the sodium/potassium pump is dephosphorylated?

A

Extracellular potassium ions bind to the protein

46
Q

Which of the following structures contains powerful enzymes used to break down macromolecules?
A) Late endosome
B) Lysosome
C) Early endosome
D) Phagosome

A

B) Lysosome

47
Q

During exocytosis, proteins are transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to which side of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Cis

48
Q

Which process delivers intracellular material to the plasma membrane or extracellular space?

A

Exocytosis

49
Q

Which of the following is NOT a trait of phagocytosis?
A) It is utilized by all eukaryotic cells
B) It utilizes vesicles that are generally greater than 250mm in diameter
C) Phagosomes are delivered directly to the lysosome
D) It is only utilized by specialized cells

A

A) It is utilized by all eukaryotic cells

50
Q

Why is the constitutive secretory pathway sometimes called the default pathway?

A

It does not require a specialized signal for proteins to enter this pathway

51
Q

Which process ingests extracellular material?

A

Endocytosis

52
Q

Which of the following is NOT a trait of receptor-mediated endocytosis?
A) It is utilized by all eukaryotic cells
B) It allows the cell to concentrate the solute molecules
C) It is very specific for the molecules it brings into the cell
D) It allows the cell to indiscriminately bring in solute molecules

A

D) It allows the cell to indiscriminately bring in solute molecules

53
Q

What do the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis help maintain for the cell?

A

Both the fluid balance and the membrane balance of the cell

GI & Renal (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions