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GI & Renal > Intro to GI (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Intro to GI (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive tract?

A

liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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2
Q

What is the function of rugae?

A

allows stomach to stretch

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3
Q

What does oro mean?

A

mouth

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4
Q

What type of digestion occurs in the mouth?

A

mechanical digestion with teeth making a bolus and it getting pushed around with saliva and tongue against hard palate

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5
Q

What does deglutition mean?

test q

A

swallow

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6
Q

The bolus moves from the oropharynx to the pharynx and esophagus and will interact with the epiglottis. What does this result in during deglutition?

test q

A

cessation of breathing

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7
Q

What moves the bolus in the esophagus?

A

involuntary peristaltic contractions

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8
Q

Is there peristalsis in the stomach?

A

yes

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9
Q

In the stomach, once the bolus mixes with digestive enzymes and acids it will become….

A

chyme

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10
Q

Where does most absorption occur?

A

SI

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11
Q

Is there any absorption in the stomach?

A

small amounts

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12
Q

Is there any absorption in the LI?

A

some, mostly water

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13
Q

What is the oral cavity formed by?

A

-cheeks
-hard and soft palate
-lips
-tongue

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14
Q

What is the vestibule of the oral cavity?

A

area between the cheeks and teeth

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15
Q

What is the space called that extends from the gums and teeth to the fauces, the passage between the oral cavity and the oropharynx?

A

oral cavity proper

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16
Q

What is the oral cavity lined with?

test q

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

How many dentitions do you have in a lifetime?

A

2

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18
Q

What are deciduous teeth?

A

-primary/milk/baby teeth
-20 teeth that start erupting at 6 months
-1 new pair of teeth per month on average

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19
Q

What are the permanent teeth (adult teeth) types?

A

-incisors
-canines (cuspids)
-premolars and molars

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20
Q

What is the function of incisor teeth?

A

biting

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21
Q

What is the function of canine (cuspid) teeth?

A

tearing

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22
Q

What is the function of premolars and molars?

A

crushing and grinding food

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23
Q

What does mastication mean?

A

chew

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24
Q

What type of digestion is mastication?

A

chewing= mechanical digestion

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25
Q

When does the digestion of starches and fats begin?

test q

A

during mastication with the help of salivary amylase and lingual lipase produced from salivary glands (chemical digestion in the mouth is minor compared to mechanical digestion)

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26
Q

What is the function of saliva?

A

-wets food for easier swallowing, forming bolus, dissolves some food for tasting
-protects mouth from infection via rinsing action
-synthesis is controlled by parasympathetic stimulation

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27
Q

What is serous fluid made up of?

A

-low Na+ and Cl- conc.
-high conc. of K+ and bicarbonate (HCO3-)
-lysozyme is used to help destroy bacteria (the specific one is called thiocyanate)

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28
Q

What is salivary amylase?

test q

A

-also known as ptyalin
-begins starch digestion at pH 6.5-7 found in the mouth
-breaks starches into maltose and dextrin
-when bolus and enzyme hit the pH of 2.5 in gastric juices then hydrolysis ceases (this enzyme doesnt work great in the stomach)

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29
Q

What is mucin and what does it promote?

A

-made up of glycoproteins
-mucin is the main component of mucus
-promotes bacterial aggregation

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30
Q

What is lingual lipase secreted by and when does breakdown begin?

test q

A

-secreted by glands in the tongue
-begins breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

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31
Q

There are 3 pairs of salivary glands. What are they?

test q

A

1) submandibular gland
2) sublingual gland
3) parotid gland

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32
Q

All of the salivary glands have ducts that empty into the…

A

oral cavity

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33
Q

What do the parotid glands secrete?

test q

A

serous fluid only

34
Q

What do the submandibular and sublingual glands secrete?

test q

A

mucus and serous fluid

35
Q

The von Ebner’s glands have circumvallate/vallate papillae. What do they secrete?

test q

A

lingual lipase

36
Q

In what instances would salivation increase?

test q

A

-sight, smell, sounds, memory of food when hungry
-tongue/cheek stimulation (basically anything in mouth)
-cerebral cortex signals the salivary nuclei in brainstem
-parasympathetic ns signals to salivary glands with CN VII and IX

37
Q

What cranial nerves stimulate salivary glands and salivation?

A

CN VII and IX

38
Q

When does salivation stop?

A

when afraid (the mouth will become dry)
-this is bc sympathetic tone vasoconstricts arterioles serving glands

39
Q

What is known as a funnel-shaped tube expanding from the internal nares to the esophagus (posteriorly) and the larynx (anteriorly)?

A

pharynx

40
Q

The pharynx is skeletal muscle lined by ________ membrane

A

mucus

41
Q

T/F: the pharynx is a common passageway for food and air

A

true

42
Q

The oropharynx is from the ___________ to palatoepiglottic fold

A

soft palate

43
Q

Fauces are an opening from the mouth into the….

A

oropharynx

44
Q

The laryngopharynx/hypopharynx extends from the palatoepiglottic fold to the inferior end of ______________. The laryngopharynx ends at the ___________ posterioinferiorly

A

cricoid cartilage, esophagus

45
Q

What tissue lines the pharynx?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

46
Q

The esophagus has 3 portions of muscles. What are they?

A

upper 3rd portion= skeletal muscle

middle 3rd= skeletal and smooth muscle

inferior 3rd/ terminal portion near stomach= smooth muscle

47
Q

T/F: the esophagus is a muscular tube

A

true

48
Q

Where does mechanical digestion occur?

A

1) mouth during chewing
2) stomach churning
3) SI segmentation

49
Q

Where does propulsion occur?

A

1) oropharynx during swallowing
2) esophagus, stomach, SI, and LI during peristalsis

50
Q

Which part of the digestive tract is collapsed at rest, flat in upper 2/3 and rounded in lower 1/3?

A

esophagus

51
Q

Where does the esophagus begin?

A

at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage (approx. C6)

52
Q

Which part of the digestive tract descends along the front of the spine, through the posterior mediastinum, passes through the diaphragm at the cardiac hiatus?

A

esophagus

53
Q

Which part of the digestive tract enters the abdomen and terminates at the cardiac office of the stomach?

A

esophagus

54
Q

The esophagus secretes ________ and transports ingested food to the stomach

A

mucus

55
Q

The mucosal layer of the esophagus contains what type of epithelium?

test q

A

stratified squamous epithelium

56
Q

The submucosal layer of the esophagus and stomach is made up of what tissue?

test q

A

areolar connective tissue

57
Q

The muscularis externa of the esophagus has 2 layers. What are they?

test q

A

longitudinal (outer) and circular (inner) layer

58
Q

The adventitia layer of the esophagus is made up of what tissue?

test q

A

fibrous connective tissue

59
Q

The submucosa of the esophagus has large ________ glands

test q

A

mucous

60
Q

The muscularis of the esophagus has 3 types of muscle. What are they and where?

test q

A

top 1/3 is skeletal muscle

middle 1/3 is skeletal+ smooth muscle

bottom 1/3 is smooth muscle

61
Q

The upper and lower esophageal sphincters are prominent _________ muscle (of the muscularis layer)

A

circular

62
Q

What are the other names for mechanoreceptors?

A

pressure receptors/sensors and baroreceptors

63
Q

What stage of deglutition is this?
-begins when the bolus gets pushed against the hard palate with the tongue and is forced into the oropharynx
-pressure receptors in the oropharynx stimulate the deglutition center in the medulla

A

voluntary stage

64
Q

What stage of deglutition is this?
-moves food from the pharynx to the esophagus
-breathing stops and airways are closed
-soft palate and uvula are lifted to close off nasopharynx
-epiglottis is bent over airway as larynx is lifted

test q

A

pharyngeal stage

65
Q

What stage of deglutition is this?
-begins when the bolus enters the esophagus
-peristalsis moves the bolus from the esophagus to the stomach

A

esophageal stage

66
Q

During swallowing, the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes when the __________ is lifted

A

larynx

67
Q

During swallowing, the primary peristalsis wave pushes the food down. The ___________ fibers are behind the bolus, and the ___________________ fibers are in front of the bolus to shorten the distance of travel

test q

A

circular, longitudinal

68
Q

What travels down the esophagus faster- solids or liquids?

A

liquids

69
Q

When does the lower esophageal sphincter relax?

A

when the food approaches

70
Q

define dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

71
Q

Steps of deglutition:
1) The upper esophageal sphincter is contracted. During the buccal phase, the tongue presses against the _____________, forcing the food bolus into the oropharynx where the involuntary phase begins
2) The uvula and __________ rise to prevent food from entering respiratory passageways. The tongue blocks off the mouth. The upper esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing food to enter the esophagus
3) The constrictor muscles of the pharynx contract, forcing food into the esophagus inferiorly. The upper esophageal sphincter contracts (closes) after entry
4) Food is moved through the esophagus to the stomach by peristalsis
5) The gastroesophageal sphincter opens and food enters the stomach

A

hard palate, larynx

72
Q

Peristalsis is ____________ mixing

A

propulsive

73
Q

What is the stimulus for peristalsis of the esophagus?

test q

A

distension

74
Q

What type of irritation in the esophagus can turn on peristalsis?

test q

A

chemical or physical irritation

75
Q

Name these stages:
A) _______________- chyme is pushed toward the closed pylorus
B) _____________- the antrum churns the trapped material
C) ______________- chyme is pushed back into the proximal stomach

Test q

A

A) propulsion
B) grinding
C) retropulsion

76
Q

If the lower esophageal sphincter fails to open, then the…..

A

distention of the esophagus will start to feel like chest pain/heart attack

77
Q

If the lower esophageal sphincter fails to close, the stomach acids will enter the esophagus and cause heart burn. Laying down after eating or eating a big meal will weaken the sphincter. Smoking, alcohol, and mint oil can cause the sphincter to relax, worsening the situation. What disease is this?

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

78
Q

What is lamina propria?

A

cell glue, next to all epithelial tissue

79
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ilium

80
Q

What does the submucosal gland of the submucosa secrete?

A

mucus

81
Q

What is another name for the meissner nerve plexus?

A

submucosal nerve plexus

82
Q

What is another name for the auerbach nerve plexus?

A

myenteric nerve plexus

GI & Renal (10 decks)

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