Liver (midterm)

Question 1

What is the heaviest gland in the body?

Answer 1

liver

Question 2

What is the 2nd largest organ in the body?

Answer 2

liver

Question 3

The liver has metabolic functions with what 3 food stuff?

Answer 3

CHO, lipid, protein

Question 4

The liver has a glucose buffer function. What does this control?

Answer 4

-glycogen storage (glycogenesis)
-gluconeogenesis
-glycogenolysis with glucagon

Question 5

In the liver, ___________ and ___________ are converted to glucose and there is also biochemical formation of CHO metabolic intermediates

Answer 5

galactose, fructose

Question 6

The liver has numerous protein functions:
-deamination of AAs occurs here and forms urea from ammonia
-the liver synthesizes __________ proteins
-AAs interconversions and synthesis of biomolecules from AAs
-gluconeogenesis
-AA transamination

Answer 6

plasma

Question 7

The liver has lipid functions:
-oxidation of FA for energy production
-synthesis of _____________, phospholipids, lipoproteins
-fat synthesis from proteins and CHOs

Answer 7

cholesterol (for bile salts)

Question 8

The liver synthesizes cholesterols that are used in cell membranes and for _________________ synthesis

Answer 8

steroid hormone

Question 9

The liver synthesizes lipoproteins which are used to transport FAs in the bloodstream. HDL is the good one and takes FAs back to liver, whereas LDL is the bad one and takes FAs out to the tissues. This results in storage of ______

Answer 9

fats

Question 10

The liver can remove/alter drugs and hormones from circulation into bile via ___________ which is a signal to kidney to secrete (this is known as first pass metabolism)

Answer 10

sulfation

Question 11

The liver can excrete ___________ by releasing bile salts to help digestion by emulsification

Answer 11

bilirubin

Question 12

The liver synthesizes bile and bile salts, stores vitamins and minerals, stores iron as ferritin and copper, is able to do phagocytosis of aged RBCs and bacteria, can activate vitamin _____ which increases the uptake of calcium from the gut into the blood, the liver does coagulation synthesis, has immune system molecules, and serves as a blood reservoir

Answer 12

D (calcitrol)

Question 13

What fat soluble vitamins are stored in liver?

Answer 13

KADE and vit B12

Question 14

The liver is located below the…

Answer 14

diaphragm

Question 15

Which lobe of the liver is larger?

Answer 15

right lobe

Question 16

On which lobe of the liver does the gallbladder sit?

Answer 16

R lobe (the size, R lobe being larger than left also causes the R kidney to sit lower than the L kidney AND causes right-hemidiaphragm to be higher than L)

Question 17

What are the 3 parts of the gallbladder?

Answer 17

fundus, body, neck

Question 18

Which cells are resident macrophages and phagocytize microbes and foreign material in the liver?

Answer 18

Kupffer cells

Question 19

The liver receives a double supply of blood from the….

Answer 19

hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein

Question 20

All blood eventually leaves the liver via the….

Answer 20

hepatic vein

Question 21

What are the small divisions of the liver called?

Answer 21

lobules

Question 22

Which artery in the liver is a nutritive artery?

Answer 22

hepatic artery

Question 23

The _______ ductule goes from the liver lobules to the gallbladder

Answer 23

bile

Question 24

Within lobules, hepatocytes are arranged in cords called….

Answer 24

parenchyma

Question 26

Bile canaliculi are formed by apical portions of adjacent….

test q

Answer 26

hepatocytes

Question 27

Sinusoids of the liver are lined by ______________ capillaries

test q

Answer 27

fenestrated

Question 28

What is the leakiest capillary in the liver?

Answer 28

fenestrated capillaries

Question 29

What makes up the portal triad?

test q

Answer 29

1) bile duct
2) portal venule
3) portal arteriole

Question 30

The sinusoidal space/perisinusoidal space/space of disse is filled with….

Answer 30

portal venous blood

Question 31

Everything drains through which vein of the liver?

Answer 31

central vein (which will eventually drain into IVC)

Question 32

What is the blood flow within the liver?

Answer 32

Question 33

What is the major function of bile?

Answer 33

bile salts are in bile and they emulsify fats

Question 34

What are the components of bile?

Answer 34

-water
-cholesterol
-bilirubin and biliverdin from RBC breakdown
-bile salts (functions as surfactants)