Renal/GU Flashcards
Treatment for hypovolemic hypernatremia
D5W
Treatment for euvolemic hypernatremia
Hypotonic fluids (D5W or .45% NaCl)
Treatment for hypervolemic hypernatremia
Diuretics + D5W
How quickly can you correct hypernatremia?
<.5 mEq/L/hr
Treatment for hyperkalemia
“C BIG K”
Calcoium gluconate, bicarb and/or insulin and glucose, B-agonists, eliminate potassium from diet/IV fluids, kayexalate
Causes of respiratory acidosis
Hypoventilation (airway obstruction, acute/chronic lung disease, opiods/narcotics/sedatives, weakening of respiratory muscles)
Causes of metabolic acidosis
Anion gap vs non-anion gap
Causes of anion gap metabolic acidosis
MUDPILES: Methanol, Uremia, DKA, Paraldehyde/phenformin, INH, Lactic acidosis), ethylene glycol, salicylates)
Causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis
Diarrhea,glue sniffing, RTA, hyperchloremia
Causes of respiratory alkalosis
Hyperventilation or ASA ingestion (early)
Causes of metabolic alkalosis
diuretic cuse, vomiting, antacid use, hyperaldosteronism
RTA type 1
DISTAL = defect in H+ secretion; K+ low, urine pH >5.3
RTA type 2
Defect in HCO3 reabsorption, low K+,
RTA type 4
Aldosterone deficiency/resistance; HIGH K+ (only RTA)
What is RTA?
A net decrease in either tubular H+ secretion or HCO3 reabsorption that leads to a NON-ANION-GAP METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
Red cell casts
Glomerulonephritis
White cell casts
Allergic interstitial nephritis
Granular casts “muddy brown casts”
ATN
White cells/white cell casts
Pyelonephritis
labs/histology of postinfectious glomerulonephritis
Low serum C3, ASO titer, lumpy-bumpy
What are the two types of nephritic syndrome caused by immun complexes?
Postinfectious GN and IgA nephropathy
What type of nephritis is associated wtih Henoch-Schonlein purpura?
IgA nephropathy
What is a type of pauci-immune nephritic syndrome?
Wegener’s granulomatosis
What type of nephritic syndromes affects the respiratory tract?
Wegener’s and goospasture’s
Does Wegener’s or Goodpasteures affects the upper respiratory tract?
Wegener’s
What type of nephrotic syndrome is associated with HIV?
FSGS
What are the most common type of renal stones?
Calcium oxalate
What is the gold standard for nephrolithiasis diagnosis?
Noncontrast abdominal CT
Are calcium oxalate stones & calcium phosphate stones radiopaque or radioluscent
Radiopaque
What is the only type of stone that is radiolucent?
uric acid (also the only one with acidic urine)
Painless causes of scrotal swelling
Hydrocele & varicocele
Painful causes of testicular swelling
Epididymitis & testicular torsion
What is a + Prehn’s Sign
Pain that decreases with scrotal elevation (occurs with epidiymitis)
What is a - Prehn’s sign?
Scrotal pain that remains the same or increases with scrotal elevation (occurs with testicular torsion)
What is an increase in B-hCG in men associated with?
Choriocarcinoma
