Renal/GU

Question 1

Treatment for hypovolemic hypernatremia

Answer 1

D5W

Question 2

Treatment for euvolemic hypernatremia

Answer 2

Hypotonic fluids (D5W or .45% NaCl)

Question 3

Treatment for hypervolemic hypernatremia

Answer 3

Diuretics + D5W

Question 4

How quickly can you correct hypernatremia?

Answer 4

<.5 mEq/L/hr

Question 5

Treatment for hyperkalemia

Answer 5

“C BIG K”

Calcoium gluconate, bicarb and/or insulin and glucose, B-agonists, eliminate potassium from diet/IV fluids, kayexalate

Question 6

Causes of respiratory acidosis

Answer 6

Hypoventilation (airway obstruction, acute/chronic lung disease, opiods/narcotics/sedatives, weakening of respiratory muscles)

Question 7

Causes of metabolic acidosis

Answer 7

Anion gap vs non-anion gap

Question 8

Causes of anion gap metabolic acidosis

Answer 8

MUDPILES: Methanol, Uremia, DKA, Paraldehyde/phenformin, INH, Lactic acidosis), ethylene glycol, salicylates)

Question 9

Causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis

Answer 9

Diarrhea,glue sniffing, RTA, hyperchloremia

Question 10

Causes of respiratory alkalosis

Answer 10

Hyperventilation or ASA ingestion (early)

Question 11

Causes of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 11

diuretic cuse, vomiting, antacid use, hyperaldosteronism

Question 12

RTA type 1

Answer 12

DISTAL = defect in H+ secretion; K+ low, urine pH >5.3

Question 13

RTA type 2

Answer 13

Defect in HCO3 reabsorption, low K+,

Question 14

RTA type 4

Answer 14

Aldosterone deficiency/resistance; HIGH K+ (only RTA)

Question 15

What is RTA?

Answer 15

A net decrease in either tubular H+ secretion or HCO3 reabsorption that leads to a NON-ANION-GAP METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

Question 16

Red cell casts

Answer 16

Glomerulonephritis

Question 17

White cell casts

Answer 17

Allergic interstitial nephritis

Question 18

Granular casts “muddy brown casts”

Answer 18

ATN

Question 19

White cells/white cell casts

Answer 19

Pyelonephritis

Question 20

labs/histology of postinfectious glomerulonephritis

Answer 20

Low serum C3, ASO titer, lumpy-bumpy

Question 21

What are the two types of nephritic syndrome caused by immun complexes?

Answer 21

Postinfectious GN and IgA nephropathy

Question 22

What type of nephritis is associated wtih Henoch-Schonlein purpura?

Answer 22

IgA nephropathy

Question 23

What is a type of pauci-immune nephritic syndrome?

Answer 23

Wegener’s granulomatosis

Question 24

What type of nephritic syndromes affects the respiratory tract?

Answer 24

Wegener’s and goospasture’s

Question 25

Does Wegener's or Goodpasteures affects the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 25

Wegener's

Question 26

What type of nephrotic syndrome is associated with HIV?

Answer 26

FSGS

Question 27

What are the most common type of renal stones?

Answer 27

Calcium oxalate

Question 28

What is the gold standard for nephrolithiasis diagnosis?

Answer 28

Noncontrast abdominal CT

Question 29

Are calcium oxalate stones & calcium phosphate stones radiopaque or radioluscent

Answer 29

Radiopaque

Question 30

What is the only type of stone that is radiolucent?

Answer 30

uric acid (also the only one with acidic urine)

Question 31

Painless causes of scrotal swelling

Answer 31

Hydrocele & varicocele

Question 32

Painful causes of testicular swelling

Answer 32

Epididymitis & testicular torsion

Question 33

What is a + Prehn's Sign

Answer 33

Pain that decreases with scrotal elevation (occurs with epidiymitis)

Question 34

What is a - Prehn's sign?

Answer 34

Scrotal pain that remains the same or increases with scrotal elevation (occurs with testicular torsion)

Question 35

What is an increase in B-hCG in men associated with?

Answer 35

Choriocarcinoma