Renal/GU Flashcards

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1
Q

Treatment for hypovolemic hypernatremia

A

D5W

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2
Q

Treatment for euvolemic hypernatremia

A

Hypotonic fluids (D5W or .45% NaCl)

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3
Q

Treatment for hypervolemic hypernatremia

A

Diuretics + D5W

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4
Q

How quickly can you correct hypernatremia?

A

<.5 mEq/L/hr

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5
Q

Treatment for hyperkalemia

A

“C BIG K”

Calcoium gluconate, bicarb and/or insulin and glucose, B-agonists, eliminate potassium from diet/IV fluids, kayexalate

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6
Q

Causes of respiratory acidosis

A

Hypoventilation (airway obstruction, acute/chronic lung disease, opiods/narcotics/sedatives, weakening of respiratory muscles)

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7
Q

Causes of metabolic acidosis

A

Anion gap vs non-anion gap

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8
Q

Causes of anion gap metabolic acidosis

A

MUDPILES: Methanol, Uremia, DKA, Paraldehyde/phenformin, INH, Lactic acidosis), ethylene glycol, salicylates)

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9
Q

Causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis

A

Diarrhea,glue sniffing, RTA, hyperchloremia

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10
Q

Causes of respiratory alkalosis

A

Hyperventilation or ASA ingestion (early)

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11
Q

Causes of metabolic alkalosis

A

diuretic cuse, vomiting, antacid use, hyperaldosteronism

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12
Q

RTA type 1

A

DISTAL = defect in H+ secretion; K+ low, urine pH >5.3

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13
Q

RTA type 2

A

Defect in HCO3 reabsorption, low K+,

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14
Q

RTA type 4

A

Aldosterone deficiency/resistance; HIGH K+ (only RTA)

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15
Q

What is RTA?

A

A net decrease in either tubular H+ secretion or HCO3 reabsorption that leads to a NON-ANION-GAP METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

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16
Q

Red cell casts

A

Glomerulonephritis

17
Q

White cell casts

A

Allergic interstitial nephritis

18
Q

Granular casts “muddy brown casts”

A

ATN

19
Q

White cells/white cell casts

A

Pyelonephritis

20
Q

labs/histology of postinfectious glomerulonephritis

A

Low serum C3, ASO titer, lumpy-bumpy

21
Q

What are the two types of nephritic syndrome caused by immun complexes?

A

Postinfectious GN and IgA nephropathy

22
Q

What type of nephritis is associated wtih Henoch-Schonlein purpura?

A

IgA nephropathy

23
Q

What is a type of pauci-immune nephritic syndrome?

A

Wegener’s granulomatosis

24
Q

What type of nephritic syndromes affects the respiratory tract?

A

Wegener’s and goospasture’s

25
Q

Does Wegener’s or Goodpasteures affects the upper respiratory tract?

A

Wegener’s

26
Q

What type of nephrotic syndrome is associated with HIV?

A

FSGS

27
Q

What are the most common type of renal stones?

A

Calcium oxalate

28
Q

What is the gold standard for nephrolithiasis diagnosis?

A

Noncontrast abdominal CT

29
Q

Are calcium oxalate stones & calcium phosphate stones radiopaque or radioluscent

A

Radiopaque

30
Q

What is the only type of stone that is radiolucent?

A

uric acid (also the only one with acidic urine)

31
Q

Painless causes of scrotal swelling

A

Hydrocele & varicocele

32
Q

Painful causes of testicular swelling

A

Epididymitis & testicular torsion

33
Q

What is a + Prehn’s Sign

A

Pain that decreases with scrotal elevation (occurs with epidiymitis)

34
Q

What is a - Prehn’s sign?

A

Scrotal pain that remains the same or increases with scrotal elevation (occurs with testicular torsion)

35
Q

What is an increase in B-hCG in men associated with?

A

Choriocarcinoma