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USMLE Step 2 > Pulmonary > Flashcards

Pulmonary Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

ABGs in asthma

A

Mild hypoxia and respiratory alkalosis

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2
Q

What happens to the I:E ratio in asthma

A

It decreases (expiration is prolonged)

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3
Q

What do PFTs look like with obstructive disease?

A

FEV1 is decreased (decreased FEV1/FVC) and RV is increased

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4
Q

What do PFTs look like with restrictive disease?

A

FVC is decreased and RV is decreased

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5
Q

Treatment of acute asthma

A

O2, bronchodilating (short-acting B2-agonists are first line, ipratropium, steroids, magnesium)

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6
Q

Treatment of chronic asthma

A

Long acting bronchodilators and/or inhaled corticosteroids, systemic corticosteroids, cromolyn

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7
Q

Is albuterol long or short acting?

A

Short acting beta-2 agonist

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8
Q

Is salmeterol long acting or short acting?

A

Long acting beta-2 agonist for prophylaxis

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9
Q

Zileuton

A

Antileukotriene; 5-lipoxygenase pathway inhibitor (blocks conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes)

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10
Q

Montelukast

A

antileukotriene (blocks leukotriene receptors)

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11
Q

Zafirlukast

A

antileukotriene (blocks leukotriene receptors)

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12
Q

Definition & treatment of mild persistent asthma

A

> 2 days/week (not everyday) & >2nights/month

–Daily low-dose inhaled corticosteroids; PRN short-acting bronchodilator

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13
Q

Definition & treatment of moderate persistent asthma

A

Daily & >1night/week

-Low to medium dose inhaled corticosteroids + long-acting inhaled beta-2 agonist; PRN short-acting bronchodilator

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14
Q

Definition & treatment of severepersistent asthma

A

Continual, frequent
-High dose inhaled corticosteroids + long acting inhaled Beta-2 agonist; possible PO corticosteroids
PRN short-acting bronchodilator

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15
Q

What 2 diseases cause COPD?

A

Emphysema & chronic bronchitis

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16
Q

What are the pneumoconioses?

A
  1. Asbestosis
  2. Coal miner’s disease
  3. Silicosis
  4. Berylliosis
17
Q

Complications of coal miner’s disease

A

Progressive massive fibrosis

18
Q

Complications of silicosis

A

increased risk of TB

19
Q

Causes of hypoxemia

A

V/Q mismatch, right to left shunt, hypoventilation, low inspired O2 content, diffusion impairment

20
Q

How do you calculate the A-a gradient?

A

[(Patm-47)x FiO2 - (PaCO2/.8)] - PaO2

21
Q

How do you diagnose ARDS?

A

ARDS:
Acute onset
Ratio (PaO2/FiO2) < 18 mmHg

22
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes of small cell lung cancer

A

ACTH (cushing’s), SIADH,

23
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes of squamous cell carcinoma

A

hypercalcemia

24
Q

What causes a transudate?

A

Increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or decreased oncotic pressure

25
Q

What causes an exudate?

A

Increased pleural vascular permeability

26
Q

Light’s Criteria

A

Pleural protein:serum protein ratio >.5
Pleural LDH: serum LDH >.6
Pleural LDH > 2/3 ULN

USMLE Step 2 (10 decks)

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