renal disorders Flashcards
what is the functional unit of the kidney
nephron
what is the function of the kidneys
filter blood of toxins/waste and reabsorb needed molecules
what can high levels of uric acid in the urine cause
kidney stones
gout
what could high amounts of urea in the urine indicate
urea is a byproduct of protein formed in the liver
high levels could indicate tissue breakdown or diet high in protein (bodybuilders)
what is the function of the nephron
reabsorption of water, electrolytes, and other substances from bloodstream
what endocrine functions does the kidney perform
1) creates erythropoietin which regulates the differentiation of red blood cells
2) increases calcium absorption and regulates calcium deposition in bone
what diuretics affect potassium levels
loop and thiazide diuretics
what are the characteristics of normal urine
1) clear, amber-colored fluid
2) 95% water and 5% dissolves solids
3) contains metabolic wastes, no plasma proteins, blood cells, or glucose molecules
how much urine does the kidney normally produce
1.5L of urine
what is specific gravity of urine
provides a valuable index of the hydration status and functional ability of the kidneys
what is a health/normal range for the specific gravity of urine
1.030-1.040
what would a specific gravity of urine of 1.000 indicate
a very hydrated person
what is renal clearance
the volume of plasma that is completely cleared each minute of any substance that finds it’s way into urine
what are the determining factors of renal clearance
1) the ability of the substance to be filtered in the glomeruli
2) the capacity of the renal tubules to reabsorb or secrete the substance
what primary hormone is produced by the kidney
erythropoietin
what tests are used to test for renal function
1) urinalysis
2) GFR
3) serum creatinine
4) ultrasonography
what is the difference between agenesis and hypogensis
1) agenesis: kidneys don’t develop
2) hypogenesis: kidney underdeveloped
what is potter syndrome and what are some characteristics
newborns with renal agenesis
- eyes widely separated with epicanthic folds, ears low set, nose broad and flat, etc
what are some causes of potter syndrome
cystic renal dysplasia
obstructive uropathy
autosomal recessive polycystic disease
unilateral agenesis
what is cystic disease of the kidney
fluid-filled sacs or segments of a dilated nephron
what are kidney stones and what are the most common type
crystalline structures that form from components of urine
calcium (oxalate and phosphate)
what is the second leading bacterial infection seen by healthcare providers
UTI
what is the most common bacteria that causes UTI’s
e. coli
what conditions lead to kidney stone formation
acidic pH
supersaturated urine
urine stasis
what is glomerulonephritis and what are common characteristics
inflammation of the glomerular structure
- hematuria
- diminished GFR
- azotemia
- oliguria
- hypertension
what is the second leading cause of renal failure
glomerulonephritis
true or false: static urine flow will predispose your patient to development of a UTI
true
what is renal failure
a condition in which the kidneys fail to remove metabolic end products from the blood and regulate fluid
what are the types of renal failure
acute and chronic
what GFR is indicative of chronic renal failure
GFR < 15mL/min/1.73m2
what are the clinical manifestations of chronic renal failure
accumulation of nitrogenous waste
anemia and coagulation disorders
hypertension
gastrointestinal disorders
immunologic disorders
what are the cardiovascular disorders of renal failure
hypertension
heart disease
pericarditis
what are the hematologic disorders of renal failure
anemia
coagulopathies
